Information Systems, Internet & Multimedia Technologies

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) phases and models, Internet architecture, networking protocols, cloud computing services, digital graphic fundamentals, 2D animation, and multimedia editing.

System

A collection of components that interact with one another to achieve a specific task.

Information System

A system designed to convert raw data into meaningful information through processing.

Manual Information System

A system in which all data recording, handling, and processing tasks are performed manually by humans without the use of computers.

Computer Based Information System

A system that utilizes computer hardware, software, and databases to transform data into information efficiently.

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

A structured step-by-step process used to develop or improve an information system, comprising requirement identification, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance.

Prototyping

A requirement-gathering method where a preliminary model of the proposed system is developed and demonstrated to users and staff to obtain feedback and comments.

Unit Testing

A testing stage where each individual module or component of a system is tested independently against specified outputs.

Integration Testing

A phase in testing where previously tested and debugged units are combined and tested together to ensure they function properly as an integrated group.

System Testing

The testing of the entire completed system to verify whether it produces the correct outputs for given inputs.

Acceptance Testing

Testing carried out in the final stages involving end-users who evaluate the system to approve deployment or request further modifications.

Direct Deployment

A system deployment method where the old system is completely terminated and immediately replaced by the new system.

Parallel Deployment

A deployment approach where the old system and the new system are operated side-by-side for a specific period until the new system proves reliable.

Pilot Deployment

A deployment method where the new system is introduced and tested in a selected target area or branch before full-scale implementation.

Phased Deployment

A deployment strategy where the new system is introduced gradually in sequential stages until the old system is completely replaced.

Waterfall Model

A linear, sequential system development model where each development stage must be completed before the next begins, and the final result is visible only at the final stage.

Iterative Incremental Model

A system development methodology where the system is developed through repeated cycles and delivered in smaller portions, iteratively enhancing the system at each cycle.

The Internet

A global collection of interconnected computer networks that operates as an information superhighway without a single central owner.

The Internet Society

A non-profit organization responsible for overseeing ethics, principles, and standard protocols related to Internet use and operations.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A global address system used to uniquely identify and locate resources, documents, and web pages on the World Wide Web.

IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to the Internet, consisting of four numbers from $0$ to $255$ separated by periods.

Dotted Decimal Notation

The standard numerical format used to represent an IPv4 address as four decimal octets separated by full stops (e.g., $172.64.85.42$).

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A commercial organization or company that assigns IP addresses and provides users with network access to the Internet for a service fee.

Domain Name

A human-readable text name that gives a recognizable, unique identity to a website on the Internet.

Top Level Domain (TLD)

The rightmost segment of a domain name that indicates the general purpose or country affiliation of the host organization (e.g., .com, .org, .lk).

Domain Name System (DNS)

A service running on specialized servers that translates human-readable domain names into routable numerical IP addresses.

Protocol

A standardized set of rules and operating laws that govern communication and data exchange across computer networks.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A communications protocol used to transmit hypertext and HTML web documents across the World Wide Web.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A network protocol built on TCP/IP used to upload and download large digital files between client and server computers.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

A communications protocol utilized specifically for the transfer and exchange of electronic mail over computer networks.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

A network protocol responsible for generating error-reporting messages and operational queries across IP networks.

Client-Server Model

A network architecture where centralized computers (servers) store and deliver resources requested by individual host computers (clients).

World Wide Web (WWW)

An Internet-based service comprising a massive collection of interlinked multimedia documents and websites, invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

Web Browser

An application software program used to locate, retrieve, and render web pages and media on the World Wide Web.

Search Engine

A web-based tool designed to help users locate information across millions of Internet websites by querying specific keywords.

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

A rapid, low-cost communication method used to send and receive digital text messages and attached files across computer networks.

Carbon Copy (Cc)

An email field used to send secondary copies of a message to additional recipients, where all recipients can see the full list of recipients.

Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc)

An email field used to send message copies to recipients whose identities and addresses remain hidden from other recipients.

Spam

Unsolicited and unwanted electronic mail automatically stored in a separate junk folder to avoid cluttering the primary inbox.

Video Conference

A live, two-way audiovisual conversation conducted between two or more individuals located in separate geographical locations over a network.

Cloud Computing

The practice of utilizing a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data instead of local servers or personal computers.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

A cloud computing model that supplies virtualized computing infrastructure, including server processing power, network firewalls, and data storage.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

A cloud service delivering an entire computing platform and environment (operating system, programming language runtime, database, web server) for software development.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

A cloud delivery model where software applications hosted on the cloud are accessed via a web browser without requiring local device installation.

Digital Graphics

Drawings, pictures, and visual illustrations generated, edited, and rendered through computer graphics software.

Pixel

The smallest single illuminated, colored dot on a digital screen that serves as the basic atomic unit of a digital image.

Bitmap

A digital graphic represented as a structured rectangular array of individual pixels arranged in rows and columns.

Bits per Pixel (bpp)

A measure of color depth that specifies the number of binary bits allocated to each pixel, calculated using the formula $\text{Colours} = 2^{\text{bpp}}$.

Image Resolution

The physical dimension and clarity of a digital graphic, expressed in total pixel count ($\text{width} \times \text{height}$) or pixel/dot density (ppi or dpi).

RGB Color Model

An additive color model that generates colors on electronic display screens by combining varying intensities of Red, Green, and Blue light.

CMYK Color Model

A subtractive color model used in color printing, utilizing combinations of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (Black) inks.

Lossy Compression

An image compression technique that permanently discards redundant graphic data to maximize space savings, resulting in a reduction of image quality.

Lossless Compression

A compression method that reduces digital file sizes while fully retaining original data, allowing the image to open in its original quality.

Raster Graphics

Digital graphics formed by a fixed grid of individual colored pixels that lose sharpness and pixelate when significantly enlarged.

Vector Graphics

Digital graphics constructed through mathematical descriptions of lines, curves, and shapes that can be scaled infinitely without losing quality.

GIMP

GNU Image Manipulation Program; a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for photo retouching, image composition, and graphic design.

Animation

An optical illusion of movement produced by displaying a sequential series of static image frames in rapid succession.

Keyframe

A major, specialized static frame created directly by the user that marks the start, major modification, or end point of an animated sequence.

Tween Frame

An intermediate frame automatically generated by animation software between two keyframes to ensure smooth, continuous motion.

Vectorian Giatto

A free 2D vector animation software program that allows users to create Flash animations without requiring programming scripts.

Audacity

A free, cross-platform audio software application used to record live audio, mix multiple audio tracks, and edit sound files.

Transition

A visual effect applied in video editing to manage and stylize the changeover and visual relationship between two adjacent image or video frames.