HLT 4310 Program Planning- EXAM 2 [ch 6,7,8] Thursday, 10/29/26

Coalition

A public health coalition is when different community groups and experts team up to achieve a common goal

Community Coalition

A diverse group of individuals representing diverse organizations, factions, or constituencies within a community achieving a common goal.

Stages of Coalition Development

Formation, Implementation, Maintenance, Outcome each taking up to 6 month

Benefits of Coalitions (name up to or greater than 3)

Maximizes collective action power,

provides advocacy safety/protection,

prevents duplication,

educes competition,

builds trust, and

mobilizes diverse

talents and resources

Disadvantages / Barriers of Coalitions (name up to or greater than 3)

Time-consuming/bureaucratic process,

potential domination by a single powerful organization,

slow shared decision-making,

lack of resources,

potential for conflicting member interests.

Community Organizing

General focus is on changing systems, rules, social norms, policies, and environments to ultimately alter the legality and social acceptability of behaviors.

Mission Statement vs Vision Statement

short narrative that describes the current purpose, focus, and underlying philosophy of a program. It guides planners in developing goals and objectives

vs

A brief description (typically 3 to 5 years out) of where the program will be in the future, representing the "ultimate dream" if all barriers were removed

Program Goals are…

road statements that describe the expected long-term outcomes of a program. They provide overall direction, take longer to achieve, have no strict deadline, consist of what will change who is affected and where change occurs

Objectives

Precise, measurable statements of intermediate accomplishments or benchmarks that lead to reaching program goals.

Process Objectives

Daily tasks, activities, and work plans that lead to accomplishing all other objectives.

Impact Objective

Immediate, observable effects of a program divided into learning, behavioral, and environmental objectives.

Outcome Objectives

end-stage objectives aimed at long-term changes in health status, social benefits, or quality of life.

SMART Objectives

Objectives that are Specific (who/what), Measurable (how much change), Attainable/Achievable (realistic given resources), Realistic (addresses scope of problem), and Time-sensitive / Time-phased (timeline for completion).

Five Elements of a Well-Written Objective

Priority population (who), Outcome (what), Place (where), Time frame (when), and Target (how much).

Theory

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of a situation to explain and predict events.

Model

A composite of ideas and concepts taken from multiple theories and used together.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A psychological model emphasizing perceived threat and self-efficacy to predict preventive health actions.

Perceived Susceptibility vs Perceived Severity of HBM

Beliefs about the likelihood of getting a disease/condition. vs Beliefs about the seriousness of contracting the condition and its consequences.

Perceived Benefits vs Perceived Barriers of HBM

Beliefs about the positive efficacy of adopting a health behavior.

vs. Beliefs about obstacles and tangible/psychological costs of adopting the behavior.

Cues to Action

Internal or external triggers that prompt action.

Self-Efficacy:

Confidence in one's personal capability to perform the behavior.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM / Stages of Change):

Explains behavior change as a progression through five primary stages.

Precontemplation

Not intending to change; unaware or unconcerned.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

The ____________ is like a game of catch where your thoughts, your actions, and the world around you are constantly bouncing back and forth to shape who you are.

Social Cognitive theory II

It means that how you feel affects what you do, what you do changes the world around you, and the world changes how you think right back!

Diffusion of Innovations

Explains how a new idea, product, or practice gets adopted by a population across a bell-shaped curve spanning Innovators (~2-3%), Early Adopters (~14%), Early Majority (~34%), Late Majority (~34%), and Laggards (~16%).

Ecological Model

A framework examining multi-level influences on health: Intrapersonal (individual knowledge/attitudes), Interpersonal (family/social networks), Institutional/Organizational (schools/workplaces), Community (community organizations), and Public Policy (laws/regulations).; think of the circles expanding outwards

Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)

Describes implementation environments across five domains: Intervention characteristics, Outer setting, Inner setting, Characteristics of individuals, and Process.

Incorporating an intervention into a health program 

• Step 1 (Find the problem): Talk to the neighborhood and look at clues to figure out what is making people sick or unsafe.

• Step 2 (Pick a proven plan): Look at existing literature and successes to choose a health game plan that has worked perfectly before.

• Step 3 (Get tools and set goals): Gather the money, workers, and materials needed, and decide exactly what goals to score.

• Step 4 (Make it a perfect fit): Change the plan slightly so it matches the neighborhood's language, culture, and needs perfectly.

• Step 5 (Start the project): Launch the plan and watch closely to make sure everyone is following the rules and participating.

• Step 6 (Check the results): Look back at the end to see if the plan truly helped the community get stronger and healthier.

Logic model and its components 

1. Inputs

2. Activities ( Tasks of the program)

3. Outputs (What was done and who was reached?)

4. Outcomes (What changes occured?)

5. Impact (Ultimate goal of the program)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

• federally required administrative committee established to review, monitor, and approve research projects involving human subjects.

Belmont Report

1. Respect for Persons: Protecting autonomy ; requiring informed consent.

2. Beneficence: Maximizing potential benefits while minimizing harms

3. Justice: Ensuring fair and equitable selection.

Types of Consent

1. Informed COnsent, Parental Consent, Active consent (parents must sign and return form explicitly allowing minor to participate) , Passive consent ( Parents only sign a form if they dont want kids to participate) ; PASSIVE CONSENT IS NO LONGER PERMITTED BY FEDERALLY FUNDED PROJECTS

2. 
   

Community Engagement IS DONE BY

Incentivizing Participants

Getting permission from organizational representatives

Community members informed by media outlets/ local orgs

bidirectional info provision

name 3 Ethical Issues in Health Planning

• Assigning individual responsibility vs. looking at the social environment.

• Changing behavior vs. changing the social environment.

• Utilizing public policy or coercive strategies.

name 3 Ethical Issues in Health Planning

• Overemphasizing behavior change & underemphasizing professional behavior.

• Overemphasizing the importance of health over other social goods.

• Educating the public on the concept of risk.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM / Stages of Change):

The 6 Stages of Change

• Precontemplation (Unaware/Denial): People in this stage are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future They are often unaware that their behavior is problematic or are in denial about the consequences.

• Contemplation (Coming to Terms): People are intending to start the healthy behavior in the foreseeable future (usually within the next 6 months). They recognize that their behavior may be problematic, and a more thoughtful and practical consideration of the pros and cons of changing the behavior takes place.

• Preparation (Planning): People are ready to take action within the next 30 days. They start to take small steps toward the behavior change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life.

• Action (Actively Changing): People have recently changed their behavior (defined as within the last 6 months) and intend to keep moving forward with that behavior change.

• Maintenance (Sustaining): People have sustained their behavior change for a while (defined as more than 6 months) and intend to maintain the behavior change going forward.

• Termination: People have no desire to return to their unhealthy behaviors and are sure they will not relapse. (This stage is rarely reached in many behavioral health interventions, as most people stay in the maintenance stage).

Precaution Adoption Process Model

• Stage 1: Unaware of Issue: The person has absolutely no knowledge or awareness of the health hazard or the protective precaution.

• Stage 2: Unengaged by Issue: The person has now heard about the hazard, but they do not see it as personally relevant or worth their attention.

• Stage 3: Deciding About Acting: The person is actively thinking about the issue and considering whether or not they need to adopt the precaution.

• Stage 4: Decided Not to Act: After consideration, the person makes a deliberate choice not to adopt the protective behavior (a formal stage of refusal that TTM does not explicitly separate).

• Stage 5: Decided to Act: The person has considered the options and decided that they will adopt the precaution, but they have not yet taken physical action.

• Stage 6: Acting: The person performs the protective health behavior for the first time or initiates the precaution.

• Stage 7: Maintenance: The behavior is sustained over time, and the precaution becomes a regular part of the person's life (if applicable).

PAPM vs. Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

The PAPM is generally preferred over the TTM when dealing with newly recognized hazards; it focuses heavily on the transition from total ignorance to initial awarenessl; accommodates people who actively decide against changing.