INTERCULTURAL COMMS EXAM 2 study or drop dead

(Bell & Coleman, 1999; Padilla, Hirsch, Muñoz-Laboy, Sember, & Parker, 2007) study meaning

Values and norms regarding friendships, family relationships, gender roles, romance, and sexuality are often questioned, disrupted, and reconfigured as a result of escalating flows of people, capital, and cultural products occurring in the context of globalization

Statisics of multinational living

One of every 35 people in the world lives outside her or his country of origin, accelerating the potential for and necessity of developing intercultural relationships

Romance on a Global Stage, Nicole Constiable results

meeting marriage partners from abroad is not new, the Internet has fueled a global imagination and created a time-space compression that has greatly increased the scope and efficiency of introductions and communication between men and women from different parts of the world. (p. 4)

Factors of intercultural relationships

Clearly, globalizing forces—the integration of capital and markets, the implementation of neoliberal policies, and advances in technology—have magnified the frequency and intensity of intercultural relationships. Yet the complexities and contestations surrounding and impacting intercultural relationships in the context of globalization are also deeply embedded in the history of colonization as well as in the anticolonial and civil rights movements of the second half of the 20th century.

WHy is there a rise in intercutural relationships

To a great extent, the rise of intercultural friendships and intimate relationships in the United States is attributable to the historic and monumental changes brought about by the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s that challenged long-standing, colonial-era laws inhibiting interracial interactions and prohibiting interracial marriages.

Miscengenation and Antimiscegneniation laws

Innterricail marriages; Antimiscegneniation laws prohibited marriage between people of different so-called racial groups, existed in over 40 states

Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court case 1967.

Overturning antismicgeniation laws

Antimiscgeniation laws and racial purity

Antimiscegenation laws normalized and maintained the socially constructed categories of “race” based on physical characteristics and promoted a belief that intermarriage across racial groups was deviant and would taint the “racial purity” of the dominant White, European American “race” (Childs, 2005; Lopez, 1996). As legal scholar,

Effects of white supremacy and segrgation

As laws that maintained segregation, prohibited interracial marriage, and limited immigration from non-European countries during the civil rights movement, new, more subtle methods of instilling race-based fear and ensuring racial separation ensued.

1970 interracial marriage stats

As recently as 1970, only 1 of 1,000 marriages in the United States were interethnic or interracial (Kalmijn, 1993). In 2015, 1 in 6 or 17% of all newlyweds were married to a person of a different race or ethnicity,

2017 interracial marriage stats

nearly 40% of Americans in 2017 said marrying someone of another race is good for society compared with 24% in 2010 (Bialik, 2017). Interracial and interethnic relationships, partnerships, and marriages are increasing in the United States with each generation. Yet they continue to be shaped by deeply embedded myths, stereotypes, assumptions, and prejudices

Privileging relationships

also draws attention to how intercultural relationships in the global context are sites where cultural differences, power, privilege, and positionality are negotiated, translated, and transformed.

Race and intercultural relationships impact on globe

Notions and perceptions of “race,” as well as the meanings and significance attached to race, differ across countries and regions in the world. Therefore, the impact of race on intercultural relationships varies in different locations around the globe.

Interethnic relationships

are relationships between people who identify differently in terms of ethnicity or ethnic background.

Ethnicity

refers to shared heritage, place of origin, identity, and patterns of communication among a group.

Ethnic culture for white ppl

White do have an ethnicity. While the distinct and specific languages, heritages, and histories may be lost or only faintly remembered, a shared ethnic/racial culture does exist for European Americans, which manifests in communication patterns, values, norms, and practices.

International relationships

refer to relationships that develop across national cultural and citizenship lines

Intersectionalitoes and interrecail and intertehnic and international relationships things to consider

• Partners navigate cultural, racial, and social differences.

• Can enrich life through new countries, languages, and cultures.

• Face challenges: where to live, citizenship, and “foreigner” power imbalances.

• Also deal with unequal social power and assumptions based on race or country.

Interfaith Relationships

refer to relationships in which people from two different religious orientations or faiths,

Interfaith marriage stats v intrafaith marrage stats

Same-faith marriages are still the most common in the United States, with nearly 70% stating their partner shares their religion. However, among marriages since 2010, 40% or 4 of 10 marriages are interreligious or interfaith, which may include one person in the partnership who identifies as nonreligious.

Risks of interfaith relations

Questions frequently arise about conflicts between the two religions, irreconcilable differences between the two faiths, disagreements among family and friends, the weakening of one’s faith, and how children are raised.

Class in Culture

• Class differences shape how people eat, socialize, and behave in different settings.

• Class shows up in language used at home and expectations in school.

• It affects views on work clothes, showing wealth, and parenting norms.

• These class differences intersect with race, ethnicity, and nationality, creating different experiences in intercultural relationships.

Bourdieu and class culture and habitius

Class culture translates into social capital to which we have access and manifest in our everyday lives in terms of our habitus—our patterns of perceptions, actions, sensibilities, and tastes

Proxemics

Moon and Rolison argue that nonverbal cues—like proxemics (the study of how people use space) and fashion—communicate class. They say classism partly comes from how people judge, compete over, and assign meaning to these “class‑culture commodities.

Class predjuice and Classicism

While class prejudice refers to personal attitudes that individuals of any class culture may hold about members of other classes, classism is defined as the systemic subordination of class groups by the dominant, privileged class.

Sexuality in intercultural relationships context

Attitudes, norms, stereotypes, and assumptions regarding sexuality vary along a vast continuum and are deeply shaped by culture; histories of colonization; imperialism; economic, political, and social interests; and the emergence of religious fundamentalism in the global context

Srxual orientation and visbility interculturally

Sexual orientation is often invisible (not called attention to, seen as commonplace) when people follow heterosexual norms, but becomes highly visible when someone shows same‑sex attraction or challenges gender expectations.

Heteronormatavitivy

Sexual orientation is often invisible when people follow heterosexual norms, but becomes highly visible when someone shows same‑sex attraction or challenges gender expectations.

Heterosexism

is an ideological system that denies and denigrates any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, or community.

Multidimensional Cultural differences

Depending on the various geographic, cultural, and national landscapes through which the couple moves, institutional and individual racism, exclusion, and differences in their access to power and privilege may test their relationship.

GLOBALIZATIOn and teh workspace

The global workplace is now highly diverse, both online and in person. Working with people from different cultures brings uncertainty and misunderstandings, but it also creates opportunities to learn, adapt, and grow.

Cultural Values

ideas and beliefs about what is important to us, what we care about, what we think is right and wrong, and what we evaluate as fair and unfair, which are gained from our cultural group membership. Our cultural values are shaped from an early age as meanings are shared and contested in our interpersonal relationships with family and others around us.

Hoftsdedes cultural dimsensions (2001)**

Maps to understand wht catagories to use to compare cultures; 1.) Individual V. Collectivism, 2.) Indulgent V. Resitraint, 3.) UA (low v high,) uncernaity avoidance, 4.) Time orientation-Confucian dynamism, 5.) Masculinity Feminity, 6.) Power Distance

Intercultural friendships and globalization

• You have to deal with stereotypes from yourself and others.

• These friendships reveal how privilege and power affect people differently.

• They require curiosity, learning about each other’s backgrounds, and understanding different positionalities.

• By sharing experiences, friends see how society treats them differently.

• These relationships can break stereotypes, deepen cultural understanding, and help build alliances for a more just world.

Cultural notions of friendship

• Friendships are usually voluntary in Western cultures, but in collectivist cultures they grow from group ties and shared obligations.

• All groups value trust and acceptance, but friendship rules differ across cultures.

• Different cultures form close friendships at different speeds and emphasize different values (family, respect, heritage, etc.).

• Ideas of what a friend is and how friends should act depend on culture, identity, and social background.

Intercultural relationships development process

(1) proximity to each other; (2) similarities in interests, values, and goals as well as cultural, racial, and socioeconomic backgrounds; (3) the ways in which the two complement and are different from each other; and (4) physical attraction to one another.

halualani study on intercultural interaction

Even with globalization bringing diverse people together, students still have limited intercultural interaction. They interact only 1–2 times a week, and these interactions follow clear patterns based on:

1. Which racial/ethnic groups they interact with

2. Where the interaction happens

3. What they talk about

4. Their socioeconomic class

Pan-African studies scholar W. Carson Byrd (2017) study

notes that interaction across racial and ethnic lines is infrequent during college on elite campuses. White and Black students were 87% less likely to interact with each other across racial lines than within their same-race groups.notes

Initaial encounter phase intercultural relationship development

• You have to challenge your own stereotypes and assumptions.

• You also need to recognize and learn from real differences in communication and cultural histories.

• Stepping outside your comfort zone is necessary to truly understand others’ perspectives.

• Staying in honest, sometimes uncomfortable conversation helps relationships move forward.

Exploratory interaction phase

Intercultural relationships deepen through more sharing, support, and connection. The challenge is that people from different cultures learn different ways of showing support, building connection, and creating intimacy.

Lewin’s three spheres (super short):

Outer sphere: basic, surface‑level info (interests, activities) Middle sphere: personal background (family, history) Inner sphere: private, sensitive info shared only with close people

Relational Identity/Culture (Julia Wood, 1982)

Shared rules and meanings partners develop to manage their relationship while still maintaining separate cultural identities.

Collier (2002a) – Valuing Difference

Intercultural friendships succeed when partners affirm each other’s cultural identities and stay engaged through difficult conversations.

Lee (2008) – Turning Points

Key events (meeting family, traveling, deep talks) that increase intimacy and move relationships into deeper phases.

Foeman & Nance (1999) – Myths About Interracial Couples

Five false stereotypes: Black hypersexuality, status trade‑off, White rebellion, genetic inferiority of biracial children, and identity confusion in biracial children.

Foeman & Nance (1999) – Four‑Stage Model of Interracial Relationship Development

Racial/Cultural Awareness – Partners recognize differences and see four perspectives (self, partner, own group, partner’s group). Coping – Partners develop strategies to handle prejudice and social pressure. Identity Emergence – Partners redefine their relationship positively and reject negative societal narratives. Relational Maintenance – Partners use communication skills to sustain the relationship and navigate new challenges.

Intercultural bridgework

means developing sensitivity, understanding, and empathy and extending vulnerability to traverse multiple positions, creating points of contact, negotiation, and pathways of connection; mostly marginalized people doing this

Intercultural Ally/Alliance

working together across cultural differences to support each other, challenge prejudice, and build more equal, just relationships and communities.