Human bio validation

what are the 4 types of traditional vaccines

• live attenuated vaccines

• Inactivated vaccines

• Toxoid vaccines

• Sub-unit vaccines

What is recombinant DNA technology

the genetic engineering of DNA where DNA is either added or removed from a cell

What are the steps in recombinant DNA technology

• target DNA segment is isolated

• restriction enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific site known as recognition site, producing sticky or blunt ends

• sticky ends are used, and ligase enzyme is used to reform the hydrogen bonds between DNA, gluing segments back together

• DNA segment is inserted into vector and placed into a host cell to code DNA

How is recombinant DNA tech used for vaccines

genetic engineering is used to isolate specific gene that codes for viral antigen, which is inserted into host cell to mass produce antigen to be used in vaccine

What are the benefits of using recombinant DNA baced vaccines

• High stability - do not require strict cold temperature control for storage

• Easy to transport, making practival for global distribution

• Provide broad immune response- vaccines can stimulate both antibody and T-cell immunity

• Rapid adaptability- new genetic sequence can be formed to target emerging pathogen variants

• 
  

What are some limitations of recombinant DNA based vaccines

• low immunogenicity- require high doses and multiple administrations

• Naked plasmid DNA struggles to cross cell membrane making harder to deliver

• High cost

What are some risks associated with recombinant DNA based vaccines

• antibody production against DNA- slight risk of autoimmue like responses due to potential of antibodies targeting DNA of person

• Autoimmunity- continous exposure to foreign plasmid DNA has concers about triggering autoimmune responses to vulnerable individuals

• Insertional mutagenesis- theoretical risk that introduced plasmid DNA could integrate into person’s genome

How do recombinant vaccines result in immunity in the body

• work by delivering genetic instructions or specific proteins of a pathogen into the body

• triggering the immune system to create antibodies and memory cells

• helping body learn how to defend itself against disease

how do traditional vaccines create immunity

train your immune system using actual disease causing pathogens

how do live attenuated vaccines work

they closely mimic natural infections and provoke very strong often life long immune response after 1 or 2 doses

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

contains weakened form of a pathogen and doesnt cause disease, but stimulates immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells against antigen

What are inactivated vaccines

contains whole pathogen that has been killed through heat, radiation or chemicals

How do inactivated vaccines create immunity

antigens are recognised as foreign by immune system, and initiate an immune response

What is a toxoid vaccine

targets the toxins produced by a pathogen rather than the pathogen itself. The toxin is extracted and inactivated to form a toxoid.

How do toxoid vaccines produce immunity

stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin, teaching the body how to neutralise the real toxin in future infections without causing illness

what are sub-unit vaccine

use fragments of pathogen that has most immunogenic antigens

how do sub-unit vaccines create immunity

teach immune system to recognise and fight actual pathogen

What are strengths of sub-unit vaccines

• zero risk of infections as no live or whole pathogens are used and cant trigger disease

• safe for vulnerable populations

what are strengths of toxoid vaccines

• environmental stability, as they dont have any live pathogens making them easier to store and transport

• provide high levels of protection

what are strengths of inactivated vaccines

• provide broad immune response as immune system is exposed to whole pathogen creating humoral defence

• easy to manufacture as the technology is well-estabilished making it dependable

what are strengths of living attenuated vaccines

• generate strong immune response as they mimic natural infection

• can be produced at relatively low cost

What are the limitations sub-unit vaccines

• weak immunogenicity

• need boosters as immune system doesnt recoginse isolated pieces as major threat

what are the limitations of toxoid vaccines

• lack long term immunity as antibody levels naturally decrease over time

• need booster shots to maintain protective level

what are the limitations of inactivated vaccines

• require multiple doses and boosters as it doesnt trigger robust T-cell activation

• produce a weaker immune response than live attenuated vaccines

what are the limitations of living attenuated vaccines

• safety risk for vulnerable individuals as they contain replicating pathogens with risk of uncontrolled infection

• require strict storage requirements ato remain effective as they contain living microbes, making harder to transport

What are cultural factors that influence decisions to participate in immunisation programms

• religious beliefs can lead people to not getting immunised as some religions rely on faith healing or healing through prayer

• methods used to produce vaccines may contradict religious beliefs, leading people to not participate

what are economic factors that influence decisions to participate in immunisation programms

• cost of vaccine- if vaccine is too expensive people chose not to participate

• interests of commercial vaccine production may affact decision

what are global challenges that impact success of vaccination programs

humanitarian crises and political instability, geopolitical inequity and supply disparities, healthcare and cold chain infrastructure

What are local challenges that impact success of vaccination programs

cost and access, increased cost of living pressrues, eroding trust and misinformation

how does cost and access impact success of vaccination programms locally

Gap fees and limited bulk billing make it harder to afford vaccinations along with difficulties securing timely appointments detering people from vaccinantions

how does geopolitical inequity and supply disparities impact success of vaccinations programms globally

Wealthier nations and vaccine-producing countries frequently dominate initial supply chains, leading to delayed or insufficient access to those who are in 3rd world countries

how does health care and cold chain infrastructure impact success of vaccination programms globally

Many low- and middle-income countries lack adequate health worker capacity, transportation networks, and the electrical infrastructure required to maintain strict temperature controls for sensitive vaccines

how does humanitarian crises and political instabiliy impact sucess of vaccination programs

disrupt basic health services, making it really difficult to conduct routine immunizations or targeted outbreak response

How is mRNA vaccines produced

antigen gene of pathogen is identified and a synthetic strand of mRNA carrying instructions is created in a lab and packaged inside lipid nanoparticles to protect it and help enter human cells

how does mRNA vaccines produce immunity

• Body cells read mRNA and produce pathogen protein,

• the immune system recognises this protein as foreign and responds by making antibodies and memory cells providing immunity

contrast traditional vaccines to mRNA vaccines

Traditional vaccines directly introduce antigens into the body, whereas mRNA vaccines instruct cells to make the antigen themselves

what are the social factors that influence decisions in participating in immunisation programs

• ethical concerns about use of human tissues to produce vaccines

• ethical concerns with informed consent

• ethical concerns with resting on animals

• Availability of vaccine