Theories Quiz 2

Types of Theories in OT

1.) Occupation-based models

2.) Medical vs. occupation based language

3.) Applied Theories

Frames of Reference (FOR)

biomechanical for (fine motor stuff practiced in lab)

motor control & learning fors

Cognitive Fors

epistemological transformation in OT

shift in how knowledge is acquired & applied

emphasis on evidence-based, client centered approaches

epistemological transformation

FROM treating body parts TO supporting Occupational participation

Occupational Behavior

theory in occupational therapy that emphasizes the importance of occupation in shaping human behavior & development

Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)

explains how a person engages in occupation as a result of the dynamic and reciporcal interaction between them.

Occupational Behavior

1.) Focuses on the intrinsic motivation of individuals to explore & master the environment through occupations.

2.) idea that occupations are central to human identity, development, & adaptation

3.) viewing occupation as a means for personal fulfillment, societal contribution, & life satisfaction

What motivates people to engage in occupations

1.) Intrinsic motivation

2.) identity & role fulfillment

3.) competence & achievement

4.) social connection

5.) adaptation & survival

6.) cultural & societal influences

Model of Human Occupation

Volition: Motivation for occupation

Habituation: roles & routines that structure daily life

Performance Capacity: physical & mental abilities used in occupational performance

Focus of MOHO

emphasizes how personal factors (like motivation & habits) interact with the environment to influence occupational behavior

Dynamic Systems Approach

MOHO views occupationla behavior as a dyanmic system - constantly changing & adapting

Components of PEOP

Person: Physical, cognitive, emotional abilities
Environment: physical, social, cultural, policy

Occupation: Meaningful activities, roles, tasks

Performance: how well someone carries out occupations

Occupational Adaptation (OA) Model (focuses on what)

focuses on how people adapt to challenges in their environment

MOHO perspecitve vs PEOP perspective

 

​	​	​
Component​	MOHO Perspective​	PEOP Perspective​
Primary Concern​	Disruption in motivation, habits, and occupational identity​	Reduced fit between person, environment, and occupational demands​
Why the Student is Struggling​	Anxiety impacts volition, habits, and performance capacity needed for the student role​	Anxiety creates barriers that interfere with successful engagement in academic occupations​
Person Factors​	Focuses on volition, habituation, and performance capacity​	Focuses on cognitive, emotional, psychological, and physiological factors​
Motivation​	Reduced self-efficacy and personal causation ("I can't do this")​	Anxiety limits engagement and participation in meaningful occupations​
Routines & Habits​	Inconsistent sleep, attendance, studying, and self-care routines disrupt role performance​	Routines are affected because environmental and occupational demands exceed current coping abilities​
Performance Problems​	Difficulty concentrating, initiating tasks, and maintaining role expectations​	Difficulty completing academic occupations because person, environment, and occupation are misaligned​
Environmental Influence​	Environment can support or hinder occupational participation​	Environment is a major focus; supports and barriers greatly affect performance​
Role of Occupation​	Occupations help build identity and competence​	Occupations are the means through which participation and well-being occur​
Occupational Identity​	Significant focus on how the student sees themselves as a learner​	Less emphasis on identity, greater emphasis on participation outcomes​
OT Intervention Focus​	Build motivation, habits, routines, and confidence​	Improve person-environment-occupation fit​

Biomechanical & Rehabilitative FOR

Focus on Remediation & Compensation

RESTORE

Key OT goal: restore client capacity or adapt tasks/ enviornment

Purpose of Biomechanical

Improve ROM, Strength, Endurance, Posture

Rehabilitative Frame of Reference

Compensation and adaptation with environmental modification

KEY CONCEPTS:

• compensatory strategies

• task or environmental modification

• adaptive equipment (shower chairs)

• energy conservation

Model, FOR, & Occupation are…

Model - helps me understand

FOR - helps me intervene

Occupation -

FOR vs. Theories

Theory:

What it is - explanation of human behavior & Occupational performance

what it helps - understanding why challenges occur

Examples - PEOP, MOHO

FOR:

What it is - practical application of one or more theories

What it helps - how to treat & what interventions to use

Examples - biomechanical, sensory integration

Describe the ABC Model for Behavior Modifications

Antecedent: what is happening before
Behavior: what the person does

Consequence: what happens after

(Remember ABC)

Reinforcement

Any consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.

example…

Behavior: completeing grooming routine

Reinforcer: Praise

Positive Reinforcement

• Adding something desirable after a behavior

• Behavior + Pleasant Stimulus = increased behavior

  • Positive does not always mean good

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant after a behavior (THINK: Remove something)

• Behavior + removal of an unpleasant condition = increased behavior

• Often confused with punishment

• Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior

Punishment

Consequence that decreases a behavior

Example: Child throws crayons during therapy; preferred activity temporarily removed - the throwing decreases

BUT may increase anxiety, reduce motivation, damage rapport

Shaping

reinforce each step as progress occurs

Chaining

Breaking complex occupation into smaller sequential stepsF

Forward Chaining

teach first steo first, therapist completes remaining steps and proceed once each step is mastered

backward chaining

teach last step first, therapist does steps 1-4, client does 5-6; once step mastered, continue backward until client completes whole sequence

When do we use Cognitive Behavioral FOR

When emotions interfere with occupational participation

• Child with social peer concerns

• Adult with TBI (traumatic brain Injury) denies limitation

• Older adult fear of falling

Relevance of Cognitive Behavioral FOR

Self-Regulation

Ability to manage one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to achieve goals or adapt to changing circumstances.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one’s own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

• client with high self-efficacy = more likely to engage & persist

Behavior Change

Process of modifying actions, habits, or routines to improve health, well-being, or performance

Socratic Questioning

Involves asking open-ended, guided questions that lead clients to…

• examine evidence for and against thoughts

• consider alternative perspectives

• reflect on the consequences of their beliefs

• develop more balanced, adaptive thinking

three levels of theory in OT

1.) Fundamental body of knowledge

2.) applied body of knowledge

3.) Practice

Occupational Adaptation (OA) model

Key Concepts:

1.) person

2.) occupational environment

3.) adaptive response

4.) relative mastery