Assignment #2-disease cards (10-29-2026)

abnormal breath sounds

abnormal breath sounds heard during respiration with the use of a stethoscope (ascultation), commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds

crackle

intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale

rhonchus

continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring

stridor

high-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

wheeze

whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

acidosis

excessive acidity of body fluids

apnea

disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea

central (CSA)

a form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing

obstructive (OSA)

most common form of sleep apnea caused by upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs

mixed

Type of sleep apnea that occurs when CSA and OSA occur simultaneously

atelectasis

collapsed lung

coronavirus

group of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that are highly contagious and mainly spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person breathes, talks, sneezes, or coughs

coronavirus disease 2019

Pandemic of new coronavirus that originated in China in 2019; common symptoms include loss of taste and smell, fever, cough, tiredness, and difficulty breathing, with some experiencing worsened SOB and pneumonia after a week of onset

coryza

acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis

croup

common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs

cystic fibrosis (CF)

life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas

deviated nasal septum

displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and, sometimes, nosebleed

epiglottis

severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that pccurs most commonly in children between the ages 2 and 12 years old

epistaxis

hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed

hypoxemia

oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

influenza

acute, contagious vital diorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu

pertussis

acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

empyema

exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax

pneumothorax

presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing. also called pleuritis

pulmonary edema

accumulation o extravascular fluid in ling tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as as blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, or bacteria) that has traveled to the lngs from another part of the body

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death

tuberculosis (TB)

potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats