CHAPTER 3: GENDER SOCIALIZATION & CHAPTER 4: GENDER AND INSTITUTIONS

Gender Socialization

Fundamental process through which individuals learn and internalize societal expectations, behaviors, roles, and norms associated with their sex.

Gender identity

influences self-concept, mental health, and physical appearance perceptions. While preschool children show no significant gender differences regarding body image, distinct differences emerge by early adolescence—girls become more prone to peer comparisons, lower self-esteem, and negative body image.

cultural norms

Bodies as Cultural Canvases: According to Gimlin (2002), bodies serve as reflections of —, where women use cosmetics/clothing and men emphasize fitness to conform to idealized gender expressions.

Parents

Primary agents of gender socialization who encourage gender-typed behaviors.

female

Parents show less acceptance toward boys playing with "—" toys than girls playing with "male" toys.

Institutions

Frameworks and mechanisms of social order that regulate individual behavior within a community.

Occupational Segregation

Tendency for men and women to be employed in distinctly different types of jobs/professions.

Gender Pay Gap

Disparity in average earnings between women and men.

Glass Ceiling

Unseen structural barriers preventing women and minorities from advancing into executive and leadership roles.

Gender Mainstreaming

Strategy of integrating a gender perspective into all legislative, policy, and organizational decision-making processes.

Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710)

Comprehensive law to eliminate discrimination against women.

Safe Spaces Act (Republic Act No. 11313)

2019 law penalizing gender-based sexual harassment in public spaces, educational institutions, workplaces, and online.

Barangay Gender and Development (GAD) Program

Mandates local barangays to allocate at least 5% of their annual budget to gender-responsive activities.