Rice ANTHR 203 Final

Humans evolved from

A. Prosimians

B. Apes

C. Monkeys

D. All of the above

B. Apes

Differentiate between monkeys and apes:

A. Monkeys have bigger brains

B. Apes have opposing digits on feet only

C. Monkey arms are longer

D. Apes can fully extend their elbows

E. Monkeys lack tails

D. Apes can fully extend their elbows

Which of the following species is the most genetically variable?

A. Chimpanzees

B. Gorillas

C. Orangutans

D. Humans

C. Orangutans

Bipedalism produced

A. A flexible spine

B. Spine pathologies not documented in other primates

C. Liberation of arms from locomotion

D. All answers

E. Shorter and wider pelvis

D. All answers

Chimps and humans can be similar in:

A. Thorax shape

B. Spine shape

C. Pelvis shape

D. Upper and lower limb proportions

E. Skull size

F. Cranial shape

G. Body weight

G. Body weight

Compared to other primates the human brain is:

A. Expected for human body size

B. Has a bigger frontal lobe

C. All are correct

D. Three times bigger than expected

E. Seven times bigger than expected

A. Expected for human body size

Compared to apes the human brain:

A. Contains proportionally more cortical neurons per unit of mass

B. Is bigger than expected given human body size

C. Contains similar absolute neuron values

D. All are correct

B. Is bigger than expected given human body size

In humans:

A. Our arms rotate similarly as in apes

B. Our legs rotate similarly as in apes

C. All are wrong

D. Our thorax is decoupled from the pelvis during locomotion

D. Our thorax is decoupled from the pelvis during locomotion

In humans:

A. Swinging our arms while walking saves energy

B. There is more muscle on legs than arms

C. Our quadriceps are more developed than our hamstrings

D. All are correct

D. All are correct

In human hands:

A. All are correct

B. We can combine efficiently precision and power grips

C. Our thumb is more efficient because of its proportional length

D. Our thumb is more efficient because of its proportional strength

A. All are correct

Darwin said that:

A. Evolution generates endless forms gradually and non-gradually in similar proportions

B. Evolution mostly generates endless forms gradually

C. All answers are correct

D. Innovation can occur only through use of body parts

B. Evolution mostly generates endless forms gradually

The genetic school of the first third of the XXth century declared that:

A. It is mutation of genes that creates evolution

B. All are correct

C. Not all of Mendel's inheritance laws are correct

D. Natural selection is not relevant for evolution

B. All are correct

According to the modern synthesis (Neodarwinism):

A. Natural selection is restrictive (i.e. not all possible phenotypes are acceptable)

B. All answers are wrong

C. All answers are correct except the one saying that "all answers are wrong"

D. Speciation occurs in isolated small populations

E. Both genetic mutation and natural selection are equally important

C. All answers are correct, except the one saying that "all answers are wrong"

Genetic drift:

A. Is allele frequency variation by chance occurring mostly in populations regardless of size

B. None of the answers are correct

C. Is similar to genetic flow

D. Is allele frequency variation by chance occurring mostly in small populations

D. Is allele frequency variation by chance occurring mostly in small populations

Which of the following is true?

A. Cladogenesis occurs in gradually evolving species

B. Stabilizing selection does not exist

C. Anagenesis implies speciation in evolutionarily static taxa

D. Natural selection can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

D. Natural selection can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Homebox genes:

A. Are master genes for organic development

B. Control a hierarchy of genes that determine organic development

C. Can be exchanged among widely divergent species

D. All are correct

E. Control phenotype

F. Are situated in the genome in the same order as the body modules that they control

D. All are correct

Heterochrony:

A. Is a genetically-determined modification of timing rate or duration of a developmental process in an organism

B. Is a modification of the spatial occurrence of a body part

C. All are correct

D. Only affects the shape of a body part

A. Is a genetically-determined modification of timing, rate or duration of a developmental process in an organism

Epigenetics

A. Produce modifications that can be passed generationally

B. Is a process by which the environment interferes with genetic activation

C. Speeds up phenotypic modifications

D. All are correct

D. All are correct

Horizontal gene transfer:

A. Operates under one type of process only

B. None is correct

C. Speeds functional innovation of features and their selection

D. It is more common among mammals than among other animals

C. Speeds functional innovation of features and their selection

As primates evolved from African ancestors humans are:

A. Haplorhini-Platyrrhine-Hominid

B. Strepsirhini-Platyrrhine-Hominid

C. Haplorhini-Catarrhine-Hominid

D. Strepsirhini-Catarrhine-Hominid

C. Haplorhini-Catarrhine-Hominid

Strepsirhini and Haplorhini are differentiated by the following features except one. Spot the wrong one:

A. Haplorhini have shorter faces

B. Haplorhini have an orbital plate separating the eye from the temporal fossa

C. Strepsirhini have two pre-molars

D. Haplorhini have fused hemi-mandibles

C. Strepsirhini have two pre-molars

Behavioral ecology shows that in primates the following adaptation produces the largest group size:

A. Arboreal-folivorous

B. Arboreal-frugivorous

C. Terrestrial-folivorous

D. Terrestrial-frugivorous

D. Terrestrial-frugivorous

For primates between 5-35 kg which is their main food?

A. Leaves

B. Seeds

C. Fruit

D. Animal prey

C. Fruit

In primates males compete for:

A. Young females

B. Any female

C. Ovulating females

D. Females and males

C. Ovulating females

Which of the following reproductive strategies is informally the most common among primates?

A. Polygyny

B. Ambivalent polygamy

C. Monogamy

D. Polyandry

B. Ambivalent polygamy

Sexual dimorphism can be expressed through the following features but one. Which one?

A. Canine size

B. Body size

C. Secondary characters like skin coloring or cranial sagittal crests

D. Genitalia size

D. Genitalia size

What is the most common reproductive strategy among most terrestrial primates living in open biomes with high predation?

A. Monogamy

B. Polyandry

C. Polygyny in groups of females

D. Polygyny with solitary females

C. Polygyny in groups of females

Which answer(s) is(are) right?

A. Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor that was adapted to the ground before bipedalism emerged

B. Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor whose locomotion was knuckle-walking

C. All answers are right

D. Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor with a short spine

A. Humans evolved from a Miocene ancestor that was adapted to the ground before bipedalism emerged

Most Miocene apes were:

A. Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds

B. All answers are correct

C. Using brachiation as locomotion

D. Like modern apes

A. Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds

We inherited from Miocene apes:

A. Our long spine

B. Our capability of converting sugar into fat

C. Our capability of metabolizing alcohol

D. All answers are correct

D. All answers are correct

The habitats of most Miocene apes and the last common ancestor with chimpanzees were:

A. Montane forests

B. Equatorial rainforests

C. Woodlands and dry tropical forests

D. Parkland and grasslands

C. Woodlands and dry tropical forests

What anatomical features are commonly used to identify a hominin?

A. Small teeth

B. Thick dental enamel

C. Bipedalism

D. All answers are correct

C. Bipedalism

Select what is correct for Ardipithecus ramidus

A. It was surely bipedal

B. It moved in trees

C. All answers are correct

D. It is the oldest hominin found

B. It moved in trees

What is the "obstetric dilemma"?

A. The unique rotation of human babies during parturition

B. The metabolic limit imposed by gestation

C. The balance between pelvic inlet size and the fetus size

D. All answers are correct

C. The balance between pelvic inlet size and the fetus size

Bipedalism became selected because:

A. All answers are correct

B. It enabled greater vision

C. It enabled the use of arms for carrying things

D. It regulated body temperature

A. All answers are correct

Australopithecines are:

A. A group of hominin taxa that combined bipedalism with arborealism

B. Hominins that had an hexagonal outline of their splanchnocranium

C. Hominins whose intermembral proportions were intermediate between chimps and humans

D. All correct

D. All correct

Australopithecus afarensis:

A. Had a brain substantially bigger than chimps

B. Consumed only C3 foods

C. Was highly sexually dimorphic

D. All are correct

C. Was highly sexually dimorphic

Which is (are) correct for australopithecines?

A. They matured as fast as chimps or faster

B. They had one socio-reproductive system

C. They had only one bipedal locomotor system

D. They had different types of spines

A. They matured as fast as chimps or faster

The Laetoli footprints show:

A. That bipedal locomotion in australopithecines was very similar to modern humans

B. That hominins walked with bent hips and bent knees

C. That australopithecines' feet were used identically to modern humans

D. That there existed marked differences in body sizes

A. That bipedal locomotion in australopithecines was very similar to modern humans

The interval between 3 and 2 million years ago creates which of the following evolutionary processes?

A. Dental reduction

B. Brain enlargement

C. All answers are correct

D. Dental expansion

C. All answers are correct

Which of the following statements is correct for the processes operating between 3 and 2 million years ago?

A. Dental reduction occurs parallel to encephalization

B. Dental reduction is not necessarily triggered by meat consumption

C. Encephalization was achieved exclusively through a vegetarian diet

D. Dental reduction occurs only under meat consumption

B. Dental reduction is not necessarily triggered by meat consumption

How can early Homo be identified?

A. Modern body primitive brain

B. Flat face small teeth big brain modern intermembral proportions

C. Big brain small teeth big body

D. Big brain

D. Big brain

1. What are early archaeological sites?

A. refuge spots where hominins fed individually

B. central-place foraging locations

C. carnivore kills scavenged by hominins

D. palimpsests where hominins contributed only by bringing stone tools

B. central-place foraging locations

2. The hunting-scavenging debate has shown that early humans were:

A. acquiring partially fleshed carcasses through confrontational scavenging

B. acquiring fully-fleshed carcasses, probably through hunting

C. acquiring largely defleshed carcasses acquired through passive scavenging

D. were targetting marrow and brain exploitation instead of meat

B. acquiring fully-fleshed carcasses, probably through hunting

3. The limb anatomy of Homo erectus was remodeled compared to previous hominins in order to:

A. perform better at endurance running

B. perform better at speed running

C. save energy when walking short distances

D. all the answers are correct

A. perform better at endurance running

Which of the following selects positively for body size and shape?

A. altitude

B. Latitude and temperature

C. latitude

D. adaptation to forests

B. Latitude and temperature

With whom did cannibalism enter human evolution?

A. all of them

B. Homo erectus

C. Homo antecessor

D. Homo (erectus) georgicus

C. Homo antecessor

When did hominins reach Asia?

A. 1.6 million years ago

B. 2 million years ago

C. In the central loess plateau of China

D. 1 million years ago

B. 2 million years ago

Which of these features define Homo erectus in Asia?

A. marked post-orbital constriction

B. angled occipital

C. sagittal keel

D. strong supraorbital torus

E. all of them

F. strong supraorbital torus and long neurocranium

G. long neurocranium

E. all of them

In the last million years of human evolution, which of the following statements is (are) correct?

A. hominin brain sizes in the same species vary according to geography

B. hominins diversify taxonomically according to geography

C. all are correct

D. Hominin sexual dimorphism increases

B. hominins diversify taxonomically according to geography

What is a Denisovan?

A. An extinct hominin, whose closest relatives are Neanderthals

B. An extinct hominin, whose closest relatives are modern humans

C. An extinct hominin that never interbred with Homo sapiens

D. An extinct hominin, whose closest relatives are Homo erectus

A. An extinct hominin, whose closest relatives are Neanderthals

How can the size and shape of the anatomies of the co-evolving African and Eurasian hominins be best explained?

A. Selection for sexual competition

B. Selection to adapt to cold environments

C. Selection for physical strength

D. Selection to adapt to forested habitats

C. Selection for physical strength

When did the ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans live?

A. 450.000 years ago

B. 700.000 years ago

C. one million years ago

D. 40.000 years ago

A. 450.000 years ago

Which of the following is correct to describe Neanderthals?

A. their teeth were highly worn

B. all of them

C. their bodies show frequent trauma

D. their skulls were long and short

B. all of them

Neanderthals:

A. had occipital buns

B. had small noses

C. had a large thorax to warm the air that they breathed

D. Had narrow and short bodies

A. had occipital buns

Neanderthals were also:

A. had ornaments

B. were cannibalistic

C. all answers are correct

D. buried their dead

C. all answers are correct

The impact of Neanderthal DNA on us is reflected in:

A. Bone-related diseases

B. lung-related diseases

C. Digestive diseases

D. all are Immune system diseases

B. lung-related diseases

Which of the following does not define Homo sapiens?

A. occipital bun

B. Globular lateral cranial profile

C. Lower splanchnocranium in line or behind the nasal bones

D. Presence of chin

E. little marked supraorbital tori

A. occipital bun

Genetic and paleontological evidence show that Homo sapiens entered Europe at

A. 45-40.000 years

B. 120-100.000 years

C. 25.000 years

D. 70-60.000 years

A. 45-40.000 years

Which of these processes apply to Eurasian Homo sapiens?

A. Decreased their brain size through time

B. Increased their brain size through time

C. Increased body volume through time

D. Their arms became smaller

A. Decreased their brain size through time

Why is there so much variation in Homo sapiens?

A. all are correct

B. none are correct

C. it is the result of adapting to different pathogens

D. It results from adapting to different diets

E. It results to adaptation to different degrees of UV exposure

F. It is due to the adaptation to different latitudes and temperatures

A. all are correct

When did H. sapiens enter America?

A. 30. 000 years ago

B. 20. 000 years ago

C. 17. 000 years ago

D. 1000. 000 years ago

A. 30. 000 years ago

Spot the true statement regarding ape energetics:

A. humans have faster metabolism and slower life history than the other apes

B. chimps and humans have the same basal metabolic rate

C. gorillas can store fat

D. orangutans need more energy than humans

E. humans have similar metabolism and longer life history than other apes

A. humans have faster metabolism and slower life history than the other apes

Total energy expenditure (TEE) is:

A. dependent on energy allocated to basal metabolic rate

B. higher in active people compared to sedentary people

C. is additive; the more physical active, the more TEE

D. all are correct

A. dependent on energy allocated to basal metabolic rate

Please select the decreasing order of hominids according to their capability of storing fat:

A. humans-orangutans-gorilla-chimp

B. humans-gorillas-orangutans-chimps

C. oragutans-gorillas-humans-chimps

D. all stored fat equally in captivity

A. humans-orangutans-gorilla-chimp

Why was fat storage selected for?

A. all are correct

B. buffer against starvation

C. buffer for offspring brain growth

D. No answer text provided.

A. all are correct

what is the essential human diet?

A. carbohydrate-dominated with fiber

B. protein-dominated (Paleo-diet)

C. fat-dominated (Keto-diet)

D. carbohydrate-dominated of all types

A. carbohydrate-dominated with fiber

When was cooking adopted by humans?

A. maybe 1.7 million years ago

B. not until fire was discovered

C. 1 million years ago

D. 50.000 years ago

A. maybe 1.7 million years ago

In modern human mate selection, males and females choose as most important:

A. mutual attraction-dependable character-maturity

B. mutual attraction-good financial prospect

C. all answers are correct

D. mutual attraction-similar education-similar religious belief

A. mutual attraction-dependable character-maturity

What predicts people´s mate preferences best?

A. gender

B. none of them

C. environment

D. culture

D. culture

As an example of foragers, the Agta distribute food following which order of importance?

A. genetic kin - need-based - affines

B. need_based - affines - genetic kin

C. need_based - reciprocity

D. need_based - reciprocity - genetic kin

D. need_based - reciprocity - genetic kin

select which is(are) right:

A. non-human animals have cumulative culture

B. humans rely on cumulative culture to survive

C. all are correct

D. culture leads to evolutionary outcomes predicted by evolutionary theory

B. humans rely on cumulative culture to survive