Exam 2 Behavioral Neuro

Resting membrane potential

-60 mV

Action potential threshold

-40 mV

time AFTER action potential when only some stimuli can produce an action potential.

refractory period

The ‘rising phase’ of an action potential, when Na+ is flowing in

depolarization

The ‘falling’ phase of an action potential, when K+ is flowing out

repolarization

produces a small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold

EPSP

produces a small hyperpolarization, pushing the cell further away from threshold

IPSP

the summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times.

temporal summation

What ion leads to a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

Ca2+

the time directly after an action potential when the signals ‘overcorrect’

hyperpolarization

Where does an action potential actually start?

axon hillock

an ion, molecule, or atom that binds to a central target

ligand

Examples of amine neurotransmitters?

acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

Examples of amino acid neurotransmitters

GABA, glutamate, histamine

Examples of gas neurotransmitters?

nitric oxide, carbon dioxide

Where are receptors for neurotransmitters located?

postsynaptic membrane

Examples of neuropeptides?

Oxytocin, vasopressin, substance P

Metabotropic receptors

alter chemical reactions in the cell, such as a G protein system, to open an ion

channel.

ionotropic receptor

A gated ion channel meant for fast chemical messengers

Co-localizaiton

occurs when nerve cells contain more than one type of neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine function in brain

Muscle movement, memory, learning, attention

Nicotinic acetylcholine action

Muscle movement

Muscarinic acetylcholine action

Cognition

Examples of Catecholamines

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Examples of Indoleamines

melatonin, serotonin

What is the dopamine mesostriatal pathway?

Substansia nigra - > striatum. Involved in Parkinson’s

What is the dopamine mesolimbocortical pathway?

Ventral tegmental area. involved in reward and reinforcement

Serotonin

Raphe nuclei - involved in sleep, mood, sex, anxiety

Glutamate function in brain?

Excitatory

GABA function in brain?

Inhibitory

Neuropeptides

can act as either neurotransmitters or hormones

Binding affinity

the degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor.

Neuron response to antagonist?

up-regulation

Neuron response to agonist?

Down-regulation

Cross-tolerance

Tolerance to a whole class of chemically similar drugs

Where does the mesolimbocortical dopamine pathway originate in the brain?

Ventral tegmental area

Where does the mesostriatal dopamine pathway originate in the brain?

Substansia nigra

Where is norepinephrine released?

Locus coeruleus

Where is serotonin released?

Raphe nuclei

In the sodium potassium pump, how many ions go in, and how many out?

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

What ion causes the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

Ca2+

Which amino acid transmitters are excitatory?

Glutamate, aspartate

Which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is associated with alzheimer’s?

acetylcholine

PCP and ketamine work by…

blocking NMDA receptors

Which neurotransmitter is associated with scopolamine?

acetylcholine