Honors Bio CQA 1 Review (copy)

qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

quantitative data

numerical data

controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often using an experiment or by collecting data from the field ( If.....then......)

Characteristics of Life

8 criteria for all living things ( 1. orderly structure with DNA 2. Grow and Develop 3. Respond to Environment 4. Reproduce 5. Maintain Homeostasis 6. Require Energy 7. Made of Cells 8. Adapt and Evolve)

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

biological classification

Grouping of organisms based on their physical traits and similarities in DNA.

common name

name for organism in everyday language, problem some organisms have many common names, for example cougar mountain lion, puma all refer to same thing (example: blue whale)

scientific name

The name given to each species, consisting of its genus and its species label (example: Homo sapiens)

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including Genus and species

dichotomous key

a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

Taxa

The groups used when classifying organisms: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Kingdom Bacteria (eubacteria)

Kingdom of prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and can be classified by shape. (example E. coli)

Kingdom Archaea (archaebacteria)

Kingdom of unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic like bacteria, but lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and LIVE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

Kingdom Protista

a kingdom of a variety of eukaryotic unicellular, colonial, and multicellular organisms, such as ameoba, euglena, paramecieum, protozoans, algae, etc.; classified under Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi

a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, such as mushrooms and molds, that have a cell wall containing chitin; classified under Domain Eukarya, HETEROTROPHIC

Kingdom Plantae

Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food, cell walls of cellulose, AUTOTROPHIC/PRODUCERS

Kingdom Animalia

a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are free-moving, and lack cell walls; classified under Domain Eukarya, Heterotrophic consumers

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms

derived characteristic

characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

molecular cladogram

a cladogram that use similarities and differences in biological molecules (DNA or amino acids) to classify organisms

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

abiotic factors

Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an organism's habitat.

habitat

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism, where it lives and where it can find food, shelter, and mates.

Niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living, HOW IT OBTAINS ENERGY

competitive exclusion principle

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

Symbiosis

Types of SYMBIOSIS: parasitism is when one benefits and one is harmed , mutualism is when both organisms benefit, commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is unharmed

Producer (AUTOTROPH)

An organism that can make its own food, example plants photosynthesize

Consumer (HETEROTROPH)

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on or living on other organisms or dead organisms

Decomposer

an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material or dead organisms

Herbivore (Primary Consumer)

A consumer that eats plants for energy

food chain

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

energy pyramid

Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web, roughly 90% of energy lost as heat or incomplete digestion on each trophic level ONLY 10% is transferred

trophic level

step in a food chain or food web, feeding level on an ecological pyramid

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

carrying capacity

number of individuals of a population that a environment can support for an indefinite time period (*SEE DASHED RED LINE IN DIAGRAM)

exponential growth

rapid population growth due to the abundance of resources at first

density dependent limiting factors

factor that limits a population more as population density increases, competition, predation, and diseases are examples.

density independent limiting factor

Limiting factors that affect populations in similat ways, regardless of size, INCLUDES HUMAN ACTIVITY and NATURAL DISASTERS

logistic growth

growth pattern in which a population's growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

Node (on a cladogram)

the last point at which two groups shared a common ancestor, if two organisms share a recent node they are closely related

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Biomagnification/Bioaccumulation

increase in concentration of a chemical (often toxic) as it moves up the food chain toward the apex predator, leading to higher levels in top predators.

species

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, second word in scientific name/binomial nomenclature.

carbon cycle

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, including photosynthesis and respiration.

rule of 10

a principle stating that about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level in a food chain (about 90% is lost to heat and metabolism during energy transfer each time)