BIO 101: Exam 1 (Illinois State University)

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Control

Data

The 4 parts of the experiment in the Scientific Method

1. Ask a question

2. Do background research

3. Construct a hypothesis

4. Test hypothesis with an experiment

5. Analyze data and draw a conclusion

6. Report your results (was the hypothesis correct?)

What the Scientific Method consists of (6 steps)

Independent variable

the variable that remains unchanged by other factors

Dependent variable

the variable that changes depending on the IV

Control group

an experimental group used to establish a baseline measurement

data

recorded observations

-heavy oversimplified

-a scientist cannot explain a hypothesis with one experiment

-science is not at all linear (its a 'sloppy circle')

-this implies it is an independent effort, which it is not

-it isn't always a planned experiment (serendipity)

-it ignores technology and societies developing nature

Why is the scientific method a myth?

Testing Ideas (how science works)

this is when gathering and interpreting the data is combined to find a better understanding

Exploration and Discovery (how science works)

this area consists of making observations, asking more questions, sharing data and ideas, finding inspiration, exploring literature and prior knowledge or practical problems

Community Analysis and Feedback (how science works)

This area consists of feedback and peer review, replication and/or publication and discussion/motivation with mutual colleagues

Benefits & Outcomes (how science works)

this area consists of developing technology, addressing societal issues, building knowledge, satisfying curiosity and solving everyday problems

prediction

a claim about a question or problem shown

Hypothesis

proposed explanation given minimal evidence (starting point for experiment)

Theory

explanation that can be used to explain a broad idea

law

a mathematical statement that is evidence based

1. All scientific ideas are subjected to scrutiny or criticism to make sure the information is valid and expressed appropriately

2. Honesty and Integrity are represented in findings

3. Attribution (giving credit where it is due)

4. Ethics - must report all findings when submitting hypothesis

Scientific Culture is noted in 4 ideas:

Biology

the study of all living organisms and all aspects/parts of them

Thigmotaxis

organism moves from physical touch

Chemotaxis

organism moves from chemicals

Phototaxis

organism grows towards sunlight

Asexual reproduction

vegetative done with cloning and offspring are genetically identical to the parents

sexual reproduction

union of gametes (sperm/egg) and the offspring are genetically unique

Adaptation by Natural Selection

when a mutation causes variation in the offspring and unfavorable mutations die off while the favorable mutations reproduce more and survive more causing only the favorable mutation to later exist

organism

refers to the individual

population

refers to a group of individuals living in the same environment and made up of the same species

species

refers to the groups of individuals who can reproduce and produce viable offspring

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

(Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti)

Hierarchal classification system

Domain Archaea

1 cell organisms with NO nuclei called prokaryotes

(includes extremophiles)

Domain Bacteria

1 cell organisms with no nuclei called prokaryote

Domain Eukarya

cells WITH nuclei

Prokaryote

cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

cells contain membrane-bound organelles and are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton

-have membrane surrounding the individual cell

-share DNA genome

-pinch in half to reproduce and develop DNA based upon the parents' genomes

3 aspects of Endosymbiotic Theory

Kingdom Fungi

heterotrophic (get food from other sources) and have a cell wall made of chitin

Kingdom Plantae

autotrophic (self-feeding/chlorophyll) and the cell walls are made of cellulose which they convert to sugar from the sun

(Mosses, needles vascular plants/ferns, gymnosperms/seeds in cones, angiosperms/flowers)

Kingdom Animalia

cells where all membranes are heterotrophic AND multicellular and most reproduce sexually

Homeostasis

maintenance of an internal balance of variables at a set point, despite changing external environment

autotroph

capture energy from the sun to make food

heterotroph

eat autotrophs to make energy

micro-evolution

changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next

macro-evolution

the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generation

natural selection

process where genetic variation in a population causes differential reproduction but is minimized to the better adapted organisms who can sustain life in their environment, those who do not die off leaving the better heredity to reproduce and leave generations of changing adaptions to DNA

Mutation

change in DNA sequence causing error in DNA replication and mutagens

Genetic Drift

complete chance of any populations where variation in the frequency of genotypes can change from genes shared to offspring, causing a possible type of population to end reproduction leaving no offspring

Genetic Flow

movement of alleles between populations (same species)

allele

different versions of genes

gene

DNA encoded instructions for a trait

Genotype

genetic make-up for one gene, consisting of both alleles

Phenotype

observable traits expressed by an organism

Allele Frequencies

all random based upon the parents' genes and passed down alleles

-populations become geographically separated

-gene flow is interrupted

-genetic and phenotypic changes accumulate

What occurs in Allopatric Speciation (its a macroevolution)

-polyploidy gives rise to new species

-parasite short specificity gives to a new species

What occurs in Sympatric Speciation (its a macroevolution)

-Fossil Evidence

-Morphological homology

-Molecular homology

-Distribution of organisms/fossils in time and space

-Chronology

5 evidences used to assemble phylogenies

Fossil Evidence

forms of ancestors and current organisms show a continual/consistent pattern of change

Morphological Homology

indicate relatedness through Vestigial traits (traits that functioned on ancestors but no longer function)

Molecular Homology

organisms that are closely related to each other share DNA sequences that are more alike

Distribution of organisms/fossils in time and space

explain the Earth's surface and beginning times as well as proof of the movement of continental plates

Chronology

the science of dating fossils

-evolution is just a theory

-individual organisms can evolve

-evolution explains the origin of life

-organisms evolve on purpose or if they are smart enough

-evolution is controversial among scientists

-others

Misconceptions of Evolution:

BLENDING models of inheritance

shows that inheritance involves a blending of adult traits producing an intermediate physical appearance of an offspring

MENDELIAN models of inheritance

not all genes are transferable from parents to offspring (an allele is inherited in an all or nothing pattern)

Law of Segregation

a person's 2 alleles get separated from each other when his/her gametes form

Law of independent assortment

when 2 or more traits are inherited, the individual gene factors assort independently during gamete production

Incomplete Dominance (exception to Mendelian inheritance)

neither allele is dominant, so the phenotype is a mix

Codominance (exception to Mendelian inheritance)

both alleles for the same characteristic are simultaneously expressed as a heterozygote, expressed equally (dominant together)

Polygenic Inheritance (exception of Mendelian inheritance)

more than one gene contribute to just one characteristic

Pleiotropy (exception of Mendelian inheritance)

occurs when one gene causes several different phenotypes

Epigenetic Inheritance (exception of Mendelian inheritance)

just because the organism has a gene, doesn't mean it is always expressed, they can be turned off)

the cells develop an epigenetic profile in which is a collection of tags that tell genes whether to be turned on or off and the tags create a situation where the cells that are passed down to offspring have memories from the parents

genetic inheritance

1 chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother and 1 from the father. the chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents

Epigenetic inheritance

traits transmitted into offspring DNA not through sperm or egg (through characteristics of behaviors in the beginnings of the offsprings life ex:the rats mother)