bio exam #2

which of the following may be caused by sickle-cell disease

anemia, joint pain, blockages of capillaries

what is an allele

a genetic variation of a gene

what is the basic unit of inheritance

gene

what is not involved in the process of transcription

ribosomes

what is false regarding gene therapy

it removed the defective gene of interest

what is false regarding DNA molecules

the two strands are oriented in the same direction

which of the following terms refer to the physical characteristics associated with a trait

phenotype

what is false regarding genome editing

has yet to be used in the treatment of human genetic diseases

if an individual with type a blood has kids with a person with type b blood, what would not be present in their offspring

type o blood

what determines the precise order of nucleotides in a gene of interest

DNA sequencing

viruses are considered to be living things

false

which of the following is false regarding the relationship between influenza and evolution

the influenza virus only evolves to infect humans

all viruses contain which of the following

genetic material, DNA or RNA

which of the following can reduce the chances of you contracting COVID or the flu?

wearing a mask, washing hands regularly, and disinfecting common surfaces

the symptoms associated with the flu are a reaction by which body system

immune system

which of the following is true in regards to evolution

it is the result of heritable changes in the genetic makeup of an organism

which of the following is false regarding antigenic drift

it is caused by two different viruses infecting the same host cell

which of of the following produces immune system cells

bone marrow

the normal flow of info in cells is in which direction

dna-rna-protein

which is not a component of a virus

nucleus

which of the following statements is true regarding plasma membrane?

large molecules can enter and/or exit the cell using endocytosis and exocytosis

which of the following is true regarding cellulose?

it is the most abundant organic compound on earth, it is difficult to digest for most humans, and it is a polysaccharide made up of thousands of chains of glucose

glucose is the only molecule that can be used in cellular respiration

false

in humans, most of the oxygen consumed by the cells is used in the mitochondria during cellular respiration

true

glycosis occurs where within the cell

cytosol or cytoplasm

if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution osmosis will occur and…

nucleotide polymerization

if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution osmosis will occur and…

the cell will fill with water potentially to the point where it ruptures

the monomer and polymers of carbohydrates are which of the following

monosaccharides and polysaccharides

a photosynthetic plant would be considered what

autotrophic

____ reactions break down reactants, which can help recycle the “building blocks”, whereas _____ reactions biosynthesize macromolecules

catabolic/anabolic

Interphase (Mitosis)

Prophase (Mitosis)

Prometaphase (Mitosis)

Metaphase (Mitosis)

Anaphase (Mitosis)

Telophase (Mitosis)

Prophase I (Meiosis I)

Prometaphase I (Meiosis I)

Metaphase I (Meiosis I)

Anaphase I (Meiosis I)

Telophase I (Meiosis I)

Prophase II (Meiosis II)

Prometaphase II (Meiosis II)

Metaphase II (Meiosis II)

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

Telophase II (Meiosis II)

What is Cell Theory?

every cell comes from a previous cell

Why do cells reproduce?

replace lost/damaged cells, growth, reproduction

How do cells reproduce?

cell division

What is cytogenetics

study of chromosomes

During cell division, chromosomes become _____.

compacted

What is a Karyotype?

lining up of chromosomes

How are chromosomes lined up?

the larger number of chromosomes are given the smallest number

What is a Diploid

2 chromosomes pair (2n)

What is a Haploid?

1 chromosome pair (1n)

What is a gamete?

Sperm and the egg (1n)

Diploids are homologous, meaning what?

same derived ancestor/chromosome (NOT identical)

X & Y chromosomes are NOT ______.

homologous

Checkpoints are important in cell division because they ____.

make sure the cell is dividing properly and that DNA is not damaged

G1 Checkpoint does what?

checks DNA for damage, in good condition for cell division

G2 Checkpoint does what?

checks DNA for damage and has been replicated

Metaphase checkpoint does what?

monitors integrity of spindle apparatis

M checkpoint does what?

mitosis stops until chromosomes are properly aligned

What happens in Mitotic Cell Division?

the cell divides into 2 daughter cells

The 2 daughter cells in Mitotic Cell Division are what?

Identical to the mother cell, and reproduce asexually

Daughter strands in DNA replication that are semiconservative have ____.

1 new strand and 1 old strand wrapped around each other in both daughter strands

Daughter strands in DNA replication that are conservative are _____.

1 daughter is entirely old, and 1 daughter is entirely new

Daughter strands in DNA replication that are dispersive are _____.

old and new segments are dispersed between both daughter strands

When does cancer occur

when cells escape control mechanisms

What are tumor-suppressing genes

they help regulate the cell cycle by slowing it down

What is an oncogene?

it causes cancer

What is a Protooncogene?

stimulation in cell division - normal gene that could become oncogene and could occur from virus/mutation

What is a carcinogen?

a cancer causing agent

What are some preventions of cancer?

eating high fiber, low fat diets

How do cancer cells look different from normal cells?

larger nucleus, less specialized, can signal angiogenesis (blood vessel growth)

What is metastasis?

when cancer moves from one area of the body to another

How is cancer staged?

based on the size of the tumor, if it has spread to nearby tissues, has spread to lymph nodes, if it has moved to other organs

What is energy?

the ability to cause, change, or do work

What varies elections’ energy

their orbital

What is chemical potential energy?

energy that is stored in the atoms and the bonds between atoms

What is thermodynamics?

energy can be converted from one form to another

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

energy cannot be created/destroyed

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Entropy always increases (amount of randomness)

What is an autotroph?

self-feeding (producers)

What is a heterotroph?

other feeding (consumers)

What does aerobic respiration mean?

when oxygen is used

What does anaerobic respiration mean?

when no oxygen is used (uses glucose primarily)

What are catabolic chemical reactions?

breakdown reactants - provides energy

What are anabolic reactions?

biosynthetic reactions - make macromolecules

What is oxidation?

the removal of 1/more electrons from atoms

What is reduction?

adding electrons (negative charge)

OILRIG

Oxidation is loss, reduction is giving

What is organic chemistry?

the science of carbon-containing molecules

Carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are ____.

nonpolar (hydrophobic) - hydrocarbons

Carbon bonds w/ Oxygen & Nitrogen are _____.

polar (hydrophillic)

Organic is the compounds with _____.

hydrocarbons

Large molecules are called

monomers

Polymers are ____

more than 1 monomer forming a chain

What is dehydration synthesis?

removal of H+ from one monomer and OH- from another

-yields a water molecule and allows a bond to form

Bonding between monomers occurs by _____.

dehydration synthesis