CHAPTER 7 WORLD HISTORY

Constantine rebuilt Byzantium

Around 330

Byzantium

Referred to as Byzantium empire, blended christianity and ancient Greek culture

Constantinople

Much like Rome in its glory years, never grew to the status of the Roman Empire

Byzantium under Justinian

From 527-565, Hagia Sophia, code of laws, autocracy, Constantinople stood after invaders

Hagia Sophia

New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian

Code of laws

Civil laws like in Rome

Autocracy

Rulership of both govt and church

Early Europe

Germanic people: farmers and herders, no cities or written laws, had Franks and Saxons

Franks

Ruled over parts of Europe including Gaul or France

Clovis

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity, took over much of Western Europe

Age of Charlemagne

Frank emperor, creates empire around 800, pope asks for help in Rome, Charlemagne helps, wins and Charlemagne worked to spread Christianity, died in 814

Emergence of Feudalism

Invasion of outsiders broke up Charlemagne empire, no emperor was strong enough to rule, hundreds of kings emerge, land is ruled over by that lord and his army

Vassals

Lord divided up lands, divided into lesser vassals, then divided for knights

Fiefs

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

Feudal contract

exchange of pledges between lords and vassals

Knighthood process

page, squire, knight

Page

Age 7-14, live with, learn from knight, some training

Squire

Age 14-21, still living with knight, training increases

Knight

Had three masters, god, lord, lady

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Noblewomen

Had active roles in feudalism, took over manly duties, trained young to spin, read and write and placed on a higher pedestal to knights

Manor

Heart of feudalism, made of mostly peasants

Peasants

Were serfs, work lords land, pay taxes and other fees, had mutual rights with lord, hard life, low pay and little comforts

Lord

Provides protection, gave some land for personal use

Medieval towns

High walls, narrow roads, filthy conditions, many shops and businesses

Schism

Disputes over many issues, worship lead to eventual split, 1054 each side ceased contact, east became known as Eastern Orthodox, west as Catholicism

Agriculture revolution

Better technology, lords own most land, 2 field system to three, leads of population increase, jobs and business opportunities

Trade revival

Trade increased, Europe traded with all surrounding civilizations, towns and cities form

Commercial revolution

More business opportunities, middle class formed from businessmen

Guild

an organization of people in the same craft or trade

changes in agriculture and results

iron plows instead of wood and horses instead of oxen, lead to more land plowed and more food

crusades

between the christians and muslim turks, a series of wars in which they battled for control over the holy land, from 1096-1291, in Jerusalem, Holy Land and Turkey, for control of the trade routes

William of Normandy

William, duke of Normandy, claimed the throne and raised an army and won support of the pope, then won against haroid, in 1066, in France

common law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings, developed because king henry could not write new laws and wanted to expand old customs

Magna Carta

great charter, affirms a long list of feudal rights, nobles became angered with taxes and other abuses of power and forced king john to sign it

Habeas Corpus

the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

Parliament

an evolution of the king's great council of bishops and peers, eventually formed English legislature, formed because English rulers often called on the great council for advice

lay investiture

an emperor or another lay person who is not a member of the clergy invested or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people such as French, german and italian

who of the black death

europeans, italians, asians and much of middle east with 1/3 dead

What was the Black Death?

An infectious disease spread by fleas carried by rats in the 14th century

When was the Black Death?

1347-1351

Where was the Black Death?

All of Europe, asia and middle east

Why did the Black Death start?

fleas carried on the rats on the trade ships spread the disease to sailors who docked and spread the disease to the people on land

social and economic effects of the black death

brought terror to many and some turned to witchcraft, others believed they would die anyway, economy fell, production declined and low wages

who was involved in the 100 years war

France and England

What was the 100 years war?

a series of conflicts between England and France

When was the 100 years war?

1337-1453

Where was the 100 years war fought?

France

Why was the 100 years war fought?

Both english and french wanted land in france

joan of arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English

Outcome of 100 Years War

France won; French monarchy strengthened; European banks weakened; papal authority continued to be disputed

Effects of 100 years war

1) destruction of French lands 2) decrease in economy 3) increase in nationalism 4) political power was in hands of monarchs not with nobility or the church 5) rise in the use of vernacular languages 6) new weapons, made feudal warfare outdated

Ivan the Great

(1462-1505) The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom, adopted byzantine court rituals

Ivan the Terrible

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war, tied Russian serfs to land, centralized royal power