A&P I Lecture unit 2 exam

Professor Neal Alclay at TWU

Long bones

longer than its width

short bones

equal height and width

“square“ shape

flat bones

spongy bone in between compact bone

protects major organs

irregular

complex shaped bones that dont fit any other category

sutural bones

small bone in between flat bones of the skull

Sesamoid bones

small and flat bones that form in a tendon to protect a joint

allows for strength when muscle contracts

Long bone example

humerus, femur, flanges

Irregular bone example

vertabrae, pelvis

Short bone example

Carpel bones, Tarsal bones

Flat bone example

skull bones, sternum, ribs

Sesmoid bone example

patella

osteocytes

mature bone cells that live in lacuna

osteoblasts

immature (baby) bone cells that secrete bone matrix

build bone

osteoclasts

huge multinucleate cells that break bone and release bones nutrients

osteoprogenitor

stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

hematapoesis

production of blood cells carried out by red bone marrow

ossification

adding hard calcium mineral salts to collagen to create hard bone

intramembranous ossification

bone that develops within a membrane

Diaphysis

Shaft of bone

Epiphysis

Wide part at the end of bone, mostly spongy bone

Forms articulations with other bones

Metaphysis

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Canaliculi

Openings between cells that osteocytes are connected through their cytoplasmic extensions (arms)

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium in blood, calcium removed from bone

Parathyroid hormone

Allows for calcium to release from bone

Yes clasts, no blasts

Hypercalcemia

High calcium in blood, calcium placed in bones

Calcitonin

Allows for calcium to be put in bones

Yes blasts, no clasts

Perforating canals

Carries blood vessels to bone and marrow

Perpendicular to central canals

Periosteum

Covers all of the outside of bone except parts enclosed in joint capsules

Perforating fibers

Collagen fibers on periosteum that connect strongly with collagen fibers in bone matrix, tendons, and ligaments

Endosteum

Thin layer that lines the inside of the bone

Lines marrow cavity, covers trabeculae

skeleton functions

supports body, facilitates movement, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, stores and releases minerals and fat

where is red bone marrow found in adults

proximal epiphyses of long bones

flat bones

irregular bones

bone marrow when we age

converts to yellow, fatty bone marrow