ApHG Word unit 2

Development

The process of improving the conditions of people through the spread of knowledge and technology

Economic Development

greater industrialization, improved infrastructure

Social Development 

• improvements in healthcare, education

Gross National Income (GNI)

$ amount of all goods/services produced by a country’s citizens in one year

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• $ amount of all final goods/services produced within a country in one year

Gini coefficient 

Gini coefficient 

• Measures the distribution of income within a population

• Values range from 0 (totally equality) to 1 (total inequality)

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Primary

Extracting natural resources from the earth

Secondary

Processing resources into products

Tertiary

Selling and transporting products

Quaternary

Research, education, finance

Quinary 

Highest level of decision making

Life Expectancy 

• Number of years a person is expected to live

Literacy Rate

• Percentage of a population that can read and write (8th grade level or higher)

Average Years of Schooling 

Average years of formal education working age (15-64) population 

Human Development Index

• Combines economic and social measures to track overall development per country

Gender Inequality Index

• Measures differences in opportunities and rights between men and women in three main areas:

Dependency model

• Countries depend on each other

• E.g., trade, political support, economic support

• Core-Periphery model

• Countries fall into three categories:

  • Core

    • Advanced economies (high income)

  • Semi-periphery

    • Emerging economies (middle income)

  • Periphery

    • Developing economies (low income)

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

describe how countries shift from traditional to modern societies.  

Traditional Society

• Mostly primary sector economy

• Subsistence agriculture (growing food to eat, not sell)

2. Preconditions for Take-Off

• Commercial agriculture (growing food to sell)

• Improved infrastructure (roads, electricity, etc.)

• Exports raw materials

3. Takeoff

• Industrialization

• Shrinking primary sector

• Early urbanization

Drive to Maturity

• Industrial growth

• Economic growth outpacing pop. growth

• Investment in social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.)

5. High Mass Consumption

• Rising consumerism (more money spent on nonessentials) 

• Strong tertiary sector

Population Distribution

• Patterns of human settlement across the Earth (where people live)

Population Density

• The measure of an average population per square mile/kilometer

Clustered distribution

Grouped/concentrated arrangement

Dispersed Distribution

• People spread across large area

Linear Distribution 

• Arrangement in a straight line

• E.g., Towns/cities along railroad lines in American West

Circular Distribution 

• Equal spacing from a central point, forming a circle

• E.g., metropolitan areas (cities & suburbs)Geometric Distribution

  • Regular distribution of people in uniform patterns

  • E.g., Grid-like arrangement of counties in American Midwest

Geometric Distribution

• Regular distribution of people in uniform patterns

• E.g., Grid-like arrangement of counties in American Midwest

Random Distribution 

• No clear pattern of distribution

• E.g., Location of left-handed people