Test 2

Congress Powers

Tax and spend money, borrow money, confirmation of power, declarewar grant letters of maruqe and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water, oversee executive branch, military, lower courts, enact laws required to execute enumerated powers

The House

speaker most important; Mike Johnson

Majority Power

Majority leader holds considerable power and best position for speakership when speaker steps down

Minority Leader

Hakeem Jeffries

Majority leader Senate

Thune

Minority Leader Senate

Schumer

Speaker

2nd in line to pres; serves until party loses or voted out/steps down; appoint member and chair to committees

Standing Committees

permanent committees; first call for proposed bills

Conference Committees

Used to reconcile different bills passed in both the House and the Senate

Ad Hoc Committees

Special or select… temporary committees set up to address specific topics

Congressional apportionment

mathematical formula to allocate seats based on US Census Bureau

Budget

Sept 30; starts in rep;

Cloture

process to end filibuster;16 senator signatures, 60 votes on regular, 51 on executive branch nominations

Nuclear Option

51 votes instead of 60

Budget

Resolution, draft committees, debate,vote, majority passage

Defiicit

40 trillion

Pres powers

approve/veto bills passed by Congress, Commander in Chief of US military, declare state of national emergency, appoint, departments, pardon

Judigicary Act of 1789

new courts, judges, pres control over appointment of judges, writs of mandamus

1801 Marbury vs Madison

Constitution supreme law and the judicial only determine constitutionality

West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency

Administrative law and regulatory power regarding greenhouse gas emissions.

Kennedy v. Bremerton School Distric

First Amendment rights involving free speech and religious expression (prayer on public school grounds).

Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization

Constitutional rights regarding abortion access and state regulation.

Stare Decisiss

he legal principle of determining points

in litigation according to precedent

Roe v Wade

pregnant woman from Texas (under the pseudonym "Jane Roe") challenged a state law that only permitted abortions when the woman's life was in danger, arguing a constitutional right to end a pregnancy;

First Trimester: A woman could seek an abortion without state restriction.

Second & Third Trimesters: States were permitted to regulate abortions based on health needs.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Groups of same-sex couples sued state agencies that refused to recognize same-sex marriages validly performed in other states;The court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection provision requires states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. Additionally, no state may deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples if it issues them to opposite-sex couples.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Gideon was charged with breaking into a poolroom and stealing money. Unable to afford a lawyer and denied a public defender by the judge, he represented himself and was convicted;The court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires states to provide legal counsel to individuals facing felony criminal charges who cannot afford their own attorney.

Marbury v. Madison

William Marbury was appointed a justice of the peace by outgoing President John Adams, but the new administration under President Thomas Jefferson refused to deliver his commission; enforce the commission conflicted with the Constitution. This decision established the fundamental principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

: Students denied admission to public schools based on race challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896);The court held that racially segregated public schools violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It found that separate facilities inherently convey a sense of inferiority, effectively overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and ending legal supports for school segregation nationwide.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

The nonprofit corporation Citizens United was restricted by the FEC from broadcasting a film critical of presidential candidate Hillary Clinton under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA). BCRA restricted corporate spending on campaign communications shortly before elections.; The plaintiffs argued that these spending restrictions violated First Amendment protections on free speech.