flexion, extension, eccentric and concentric

isotonic contraction

contracting muscles that change length

isometric contraction definition and example

-when a muscle contract but does not change length

-holding a plank

concentric contraction definition and example

-when a muscle shortens producing tension

-bicep brachii during the upwards phase of a bicep curl

eccentric contraction definition and example

-when a muscle lengthens producing tensions

-bicep brachii eccentrically contract during downwards phase of bicep curl

what is a fixator

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

what causes flexion at the elbow

agonist -bicep brachii

antagonist-triceps brachii

what cause extension at the elbow

agonist- tricep brachii

antagonist-bicep brachii

what causes extension at the knee

agonist- quadriceps (rectus femoris)

antagonist-hamstring (bicep femoris)

-gluteus maximus is the fixator

what causes flexion at the knee

agonist-hamstrings (bicep femoris)

antagonist-quadriceps (rectus femoris)

-gluteus maximus is the fixator

what causes dorsi flexion at the ankle

agonist- tibialis anterior

antagonist- gastrocnemius and soleus

what causes plantar flexion of the ankle

agonist-gastrocnemius and soleus

antagonist- tibialis anterior

what causes flexion at the hip

agonist- iliopsoas

antagonist- gluteus maximus

what cause extension at the hip

agonist- gluteus maximus

antagonist- iliopsoas

what causes abduction at the hip

agonist- gluteus Medius

antagonist- adductor brevis

what causes adduction at the hip

agonist- adductor brevis

antagonist- gluteus medius

what causes medial rotation at the hip

agonist- gluteus medius

antagonist- gluteus maximus

what causes lateral rotation at the hip

agonist- gluteus maximus

antagonist- gluteus medius

what causes flexion at the shoulder

agonist- anterior deltoid

antagonist-posterior deltoid

what causes extension at the shoulder

agonist-posterior deltoid

antagonist- anterior deltoid

what causes abduction of the shoulder

agonist- latissimus dorsi

antagonist- medial deltoid

what causes adduction of the shoulder

agonist- medial deltoid

antagonist-latissimus dorsi

what causes horizontal flexion the shoulder

agonist- pectoralis majoris

antagonist- posterior deltoid

what causes horizontal extension at the shoulder

agonist-posterior deltoid

antagonist-pectoralis majoris

what cause medial rotation at the shoulder

agonist-teres major

antagonist- teres minor

what causes lateral rotation at the shoulder

agonist-teres minor

antagonist- teres major

what three muscles make up the deltoid

-anterior deltoid

-medial deltoid

-posterior deltoid

what muscles are in the upper back

-trapezius

-teres minor

-teres major 

-latissimus dorsi

what is medial rotation

where the movement is towards the midline of the body whilst the bones turn around their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action.

agonist

-eg forehand top spin shot in tennis

what is lateral rotation

where the movement is away from the midline of the body whilst the bones turn around their longitudinal axis . eg backhand top spin of a shot in tennis

what is horizontal flexion and example

the arm or leg move parallel to the ground forward eg boxer delivering a right hook. at shoulder

what is horizontal extension and example

he arm or leg move parallel to the ground backwards eg swimming fly.

what causes wrist flexion

• agonist= wrist flexors

• antagonist= wrist extensor

what causes wrist extension

• agonist= wrist extensor

• antagonist= wrist flexor