Personality Psych Exam #1 - Freud through Horney

Focuses on Freud, Jung, Adler, and Horney

The Freudian outlook on human nature is

deterministic and maintains that an individual’s

personality is _____________

fixed largely by the age of 6.

He (Sigmund Freud) believed people do not have free will; rather,

their behavior is determined by innate drives

that have to do with

s3x and aggression or love and death.

A great deal of ____ determinism also deals

with how ______________

Freud’s; one is raised by one’s parents.

Freud’s determinism maintains that human

behavior is determined by forces that might be

described appropriately as “drives”, which includes ________ or _______

“biological

forces”; “instinctual forces.”

These forces or instincts drive us, (hint: it relates to Freud)

but we must control these urges as a result of societal norms.

Freud removed us from our pedestals and forced us to

examine the dark side of our natures.

Ultimately (Freud), he believed we are

driven by life instincts and death instincts, which are also known as

sexual instincts and aggression instincts

Instincts?

the driving forces in personality, govern behavior, and motivate to seek gratification and homeostasis (stability).

One of the two main instincts, Life instincts are

instinctive urges to preserve life, includes basic needs. This is primarily our

sexual drives or instincts.

Libido? (Hint: Freud)

originally sexual instincts, later revised to psychic and pleasurable gratification of life instincts.

The other main instinct: Death instincts are

instincts to return to a state of balance, free of painful struggles before death. As a result, comes aggression.

Freud believed that people hold an unconscious desire to die but that this wish is largely tempered by the life instincts. In his view, ___________

self-destructive behavior is an expression of the energy created by the death instincts.

Freud believed there is a definite force controlling all actions and believed all thoughts were related. Ultimately, believed

nothing we do is accidental.

Unconscious: (Freud)

the depository of hidden wishes, needs, and conflicts of which the person is unaware and filled with sexual and aggressive impulses, and unresolved issues.

Freud believed a great deal of our behavior

is unconsciously driven.

Freud’s theory of personality can be understood in terms of his views on levels of consciousness and his tripartite structure of ____________

the id, ego, and superego.

Conscious (freud) :

the ideas and sensations of which we are aware.

Preconscious (Freud):

contains the experiences that are unconscious but that could be conscious easily.

Unconscious (Freud):

contains the experiences and memories of which we are not aware

Freud described personality as

“the scaffold of the mind.”

Id:

The pleasure principle

Original aspect of personality, rooted biologically, consisting of unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts.

Wants immediate gratification.

Ego:

The executive functioning of personality. Aims to balance the needs of the id and the extremes of the superego in appropriate and realistic ways.

Superego:

Strives for perfectionism. Internalization of societal values instilled primarily by parents to teach right and wrong responses in given situations. Results in satisfaction or guilt and shame. Where our conscience comes from.

Where our conscience comes from. An overly active superego produces an individual who suffers from strong feelings of guilt and inferiority.

A strong superego results in three kinds of anxiety:

realistic, neurotic, and moral.

Realistic anxiety represents

fear of danger from the external world, and the degree of anxiety must be in keeping to the degree of harm.

Both neurotic and moral anxieties develop as a

result of the conflict among the id, ego, and superego.

Neurotic anxiety takes place when individuals

fear that their instincts or the desires of their id will get out of control and cause them to do something that they will regret.

Moral anxiety takes place when one does something against

one’s own conscience or when one fears excessively criticism and demands from one’s parents or society.

Ultimately, the pleasure principle dominates

Freud’s theory of personality.

As a result, Freud proposed five psychosexual phases of development, each phase characterized by

a pleasure zone or area of the body through which the child or youth seeks gratification.

During each stage particular behaviors occur, referred to as:

Psychosexual development

Personality develops in terms of an individual’s attempts to come to

grips with key biological impulses.

Stages of development:

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.

Fixation:

defensive attachment to an earlier stage as a result of a traumatic experience in a particular stage. He considered fixation to be a defense against anxiety.

A fixation during the oral phase, due to either deprivation or overindulgence, leads to the development of an oral personality that may have some of the following characteristics:

pessimism or optimism suspiciousness or gullibility self-belittlement or cockiness passivity or manipulativeness..

Fixation in the Anal Phase

The overdemanding or overcontrolling parent who forces toilet training too quickly or too harshly tends to produce an adult who exhibits an anal personality, meaning one who is dominated by a tendency to hold onto or to retain.

Such anal personality types hold on to money (stinginess), their feelings (constrictedness), and their own way of doing things (stubbornness).

Fixation at the phallic phase

results in the development of a phallic personality, one who is reckless, narcissistic, and excessively vain and proud

People who fail to resolve the conflict successfully are said to be afraid or incapable of close love. Freud theorized that such fixation could be a major cause of homosexuality.

The major conflict that children experience during this phase is over the object of their sexual desire.

For a boy, the object of sexual desire is his mother, and for a girl, her father.

Oedipal complex:

in the phallic stage, boys develop a sexual longing for their mother and sees their father his rival.

Results in development of the superego.

Electra complex

A concept developed by Carl Jung to coincide with the Oedipal Complex. Instead of boys seeing their mother as a sexual partner and their father as a rival. Girls see their father as a sexual partner and their mother as a rival.

Was created to explain female sexuality in regards to Psychodynamics, as Freud neglected to mention this.

For Freud, during the phallic stage, females experience

penis envy which causes love for their father because he has the desired object.

Result is the developing superegos, the moral part of personality, which oftentimes becomes inadequate.

Psychoanalytic thought suggests that we are all "a little neurotic" and the conflicts of childhood

form the core of neurotic disorders.

Freud rejected Jung's term as psychoanalytically inaccurate:

“that what we have said about the Oedipus complex applies with complete strictness to the male child only, and that we are right in rejecting the term 'Electra complex', which seeks to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes".

Maladaptive behavior occurs because we all experience conflicts and fixations during our early years, and

all have some problems during the psychosexual stages.

We experience symptoms of abnormality depending on the psychosexual stage in which the conflicts and fixations first developed, and

the associated defense mechanisms used to deal with the conflicts.

Defense Mechanisms:

protect people against pain and are universal reactions, all meant to keep anxiety at bay. (Maladaptive)

Repression:

unconsciously banish painful memories from consciousness.

Suppression:

active and conscious attempt to stop anxiety-provoking thoughts by simply not thinking about them. (Stored in the preconscious)

Denial:

refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in reality.

Rationalization:

to make excuses for maladaptive behaviors.

Displacement:

unconsciously redirect anger on substitute objects or people.

Sublimation:

form of displacement, though done by displacing anger on ones or in ways that are socially acceptable.

Regression:

movement from mature behavior to immature behavior.

Projection:

attributing our own undesirable characteristics on to others.

Reaction formation:

convert undesirable characteristics to their opposites.

Rationalization:

justification of behavior through the use of plausible, but inaccurate, excuses.

Intellectualization:

dissociation between thoughts and feelings with elaborate rationale to explain unbearable pain.

Undoing:

performing an act to nullify or make amends for an undesirable one.

Freud’s four major assessment techniques included:

free association, dream analysis, resistance, and transference.

Transference:

characterized by ambivalence, attitudes of both affection and hostility, toward “parents” and are displaced onto the therapist.

Free association:

therapeutic technique central to psychoanalysis in which the therapist encourages patients to report, without restriction, any thoughts that occur to them no matter how irrelevant, unimportant, or unpleasant.

Considered the fundamental role in psychoanalysis

Dreams: (Freud)

The royal road to the unconscious.

Dream analysis:

psychoanalytic technique used to probe the unconscious through interpretation of the patient’s dreams.

Process:

analyze and interpret the symbols present in the manifest content in an attempt to discover the latent content or hidden meanings. Believed symbols had universal meanings.

Resistance: (Freud)

in psychoanalysis, when unwilling to disclose painful memories.

Freud believed resistance caused those memories to

be repressed in the unconscious.

Positive transference:

special affection toward the therapist, usually develops first (praise, trust, falling in love).

Counter transference:

therapist’s reaction with personal feelings toward the patient.

Negative transference:

showing anger and hostility toward the therapist.

Jung’s analytical psychology is considered

the most unusual theory in the entire body of work on personality.

Was Carl Jung extremely Psychotic?

Yes, we don’t even know if his work was interpreted correctly.

Jung referred to the total personality as

the psyche: represents all of the interacting systems within human personality which accounts for all mental life and behavior of a person.

Psychic energy: (Jung)

energy that flows continuously from consciousness to unconsciousness and back.

Psychic energy manifests itself in our various feelings, thoughts and behaviors and is considered an outcome of the conflict between forces within the personality

Believed without psychic energy

this is no life

Jung developed the concept of

self-realization and individuation.

Self-realization involves the integration of all aspects of the psyche (thoughts, feelings and behaviors)and is the aim of individual development. Ultimate goal,

to fulfill our unique potentials and natures. Continues all throughout life.

Ego: (Jung)

In the center of consciousness, it’s the unifying force in the psyche. Contains conscious thoughts including behavior, feelings and memories.

Unique to Jung, the psyche also includes:

The personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.

The personal unconscious:

in the psyche, contains all the forgotten experiences that have lost their intensity often due to unpleasantness or just weak impressions and only accessible under certain circumstances.

Collective unconscious:

a storehouse of latent memories of our human and prehuman ancestry consisting of instincts and archetypes that we inherit as possibilities and that often affect our behavior.

Jung proposed that everyone's personality contains elements of four major archetypes. These archetypes provide models for our behavior and influence the way we think and act. Jung labeled these archetypes

the Self, the Persona, the Shadow and the Anima/Animus.

Archetypes: (Jung)

universal themes or symbols that can be activated by forces operating in the psyche, thereby generating visions that are projected onto current experiences.

It exists as a Universal theme or an Idea which is common to all of mankind.

The strongest archetypes have

the strongest influence on personality.

The major archetypes include:

the persona, shadow, anima and animus, self and introversion/extraversion.

The personna:

archetype consisting of the role humans play in order to meet the demands of others.

Derived from the Latin persona, referring to the masks worn in front of others, enables an individual to interrelate with the surrounding environment by reflecting the role in life that the individual is playing.

Note: Think the personas from the game, i.e Ren and his Persona resembling a thief, and how said persona shows how rebellious he is

The shadow:

archetype consisting of the inferior, evil and repulsive side of human nature

1 main aspect of the shadow:

Personal unconscious: all experiences humans reject on moral or aesthetic grounds

The other main aspect of the shadow:

Collective unconscious: universal personifications of evil within our psyches.

The selfishness, the repressed instincts, and the

“unauthorized” self that your conscious mind rejects.

Anima and animus:

the feminine archetype in a man (anima) and masculine archetype in a woman (animus). Elements of the opposite sex within us.

They are the abstract symbol sets that formulate the archetype of the Self.

In a woman her contra sexuality is masculine and governs her rational thinking function and we call this

the Animus

In a man his contra sexuality is feminine and governs his irrational feeling function and we call this

the Anima

The self:

an archetype that leads people to search for ways of maximizing the development of their potential. The destiny of realizing who we are, the “way to individuation”.

Individuation:

a process by which a person becomes the definite, unique being that he in fact is, fulfilling his nature. (Refers to the total psyche or personality: including conscious and unconsciousness.)

The Theory of Psychological Types

psychological types:

basic attitudes and functions towards life.

One of the fundamental attitude

Extraversion: outgoing and relatively confident approach to life

The other fundamental attitude

Introversion: retiring and reflective approach to life

Both considered by Jung to be innate dispositions that are molded by experience.

Sensing: (One of the Four Functions of Jung)

initial, concrete experiencing without reason (thinking) or evaluation (feeling).

Thinking: (One of the Four Functions of Jung)

understand events through the use of reason and logic.

Feeling: (One of the Four Functions of Jung)

gives us an evaluation of events by judging whether they are good or bad.

Intuiting: (One of the Four Functions of Jung)

rely on hunches whenever we have to deal with strange situations with no established facts.