Human Body Systems - Skeletal System

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the human skeletal system, including bone anatomy, bone cells, skeletal divisions, girdles, vertebrae regions, and bone development.

Hematopoiesis

Stability of the internal enviroment and the mechanisms that maintain that stability.

Cartilage

Flexible Connective tissue found throughout the body.

Ligament

Short bands of tough but flexible dense Connective tissue that Connect two bones and Stabilize joints.

Tendon

Cords of dense Connective tissue that Connect muscles to bones.

Joint (articulation)

Junction between 2 or more bones that includes the cartilage ligaments and tendons needed to allow movement and flexability.

Intervertebral discs

Cushioning pads that absorb Shock and protect against tension or torsion between the vertebrae of the vertebral column.

Sesamoid bones

A Special type of short bone, Shaped like a Sesame Seed, that is embeded within tendons to provide support and Stability with little movement.

Osteon

The basic Structural unit of Compact bone; long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone.

Lamellae

Groups of hollow tubes that make up Osteons and are filled with tiny salts and Collagen fibers to help the bone resist torsion Stress.

Central Canal (Haversian Canal)

Runs through the middle of each osteon and Contains Small blood vessels for nourishing the bone and nerve fibers for Signaling.

Trabeculae

Tiny bone Struts in Spongly bone that help it to resist Stress; where bone marrow is.

Lacunae

Gaps in the lamellae that house osteocytes.

Osteocyte

Type of bone cell housed in the lacunae that maintains healthy bone Structure.

Osteoblast

Type of bone cell used to build and Construct bones by calcifying bone as it forms.

Osteoclast

Type of bone cell that is critical in the regeneration of bone through bone remodeling.

Ossification

The process of bone tissue formation (osteogenesis).

Fracture

Break in a bone.

Bone (as a living organ)

A living organ because it contains all 4 tissue types: connective tissue (osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue), nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and skeletal muscle tissue.

Axial Skeleton

All of the bones off the main axis/trunk of the body (Skull, vertebral column, chest, + rib cage) with an overall function of protecting critical organs and support.

Appendicular Skeleton

All of the bones of the limbs and girdles (arms, legs, pelvic, + pectoral girdles) with an overall function of providing movement + Support.

Upper limbs

Bones of the appendicular skeleton consisting of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, + Phalanges, critical for movement.

Lower limbs

Bones of the appendicular skeleton consisting of femur, patella, tibia, Fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges, critical for movement and playing an additional key function in Supporting body.

Pectoral girdle

Attaches the upper limbs to the body's trunk, and consists of the clavicles and Scapulae.

Pelvic girdle

Attaches the lower limbs to the body's trunk and consists of the Sacrum and hip bones, with extremely Strong ligaments making this girdle incredibly Sturdy with much less mobility.

Female pelvic girdle

Pelvic girdle characterized by a much wider birth Canal and pubic arch in order to accommodate for a growing fetus and birth of an infant.

True ribs

7 pairs of ribs directly attached to Sternum.

False ribs

5 pairs of ribs not directly attached to the Sternum.

Floating ribs

Last two pairs of false ribs, that do not attach to the rib cage on the anterior Side.

Cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae (C1-C7) in the vertebral column; C1 is Atlas and C2 is Axis.

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae (T1-T12) in the vertebral column.

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae (L1-L5) in the vertebral column.

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5) in the vertebral column.

Coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae located at the bottom of the vertebral column.

Long bones

Bones that act as levers to aid in movement (Ex: Arm bones).

Short bones

Bones that provide support and stability with little movement (Ex: wrist bones).

Flat bones

Bones that have a large surface area for muscle attachment (Ex: Shoulder blades/scapulae).

Irregular bones

Bones that have a highly specialized shape and thus function (Ex: vertebrae).

Projections

Bone markings that Show where muscles and ligaments attach.

Surfaces

Bone markings that form joints.

Depressions and openings

Bone markings that reveal where blood vessels and nerves run through.

Intramembranous ossification

Type of bone formation when bone develops from a fibrous membrane to a membranous bone.

Endochondral ossification

Type of bone formation when bone develops from replacing Cartilage with endochondral bone.