POL101 Final

Critiques of land acknowledgements (left)

Too symbolic and lacks real change in Indigenous sovereignty or conditions

Critiques of land acknowledgements (right)

Seen as unnecessary

Four key institutions of democratic accountability

Free and fair elections, free expression, alternative sources of information, and associational autonomy allow citizens to monitor criticize access information and organize

Why is the constitution not sufficient to safeguard democracy

It cannot enforce itself and depends on actors respecting rules and norms

Soft guardrails of democracy

Mutual toleration and institutional forbearance

Mutual toleration

Accepting political opponents as legitimate

Institutional forbearance

Not using all legal powers to the extreme

Importance of democratic norms

Democracy can collapse if norms are not respected even if rules exist

Institutions of democracy

Elections, legislatures, courts and bureaucracies

First wave of democracy

Monarchies turned democracies

Second wave of democracy

Spread after World War II through external forces decolonization and Cold War influence

Third wave of democracy

Began in 1970s driven by internal citizen pressure protests and reforms

Why people participate in politics

Care about issues sense of duty social pressure and identity

Public good

A good that everyone can benefit from without reducing availability

Free rider

Someone who benefits from a public good without contributing

Critique of rational choice theory

People participate despite low individual impact due to social moral and emotional reasons

Limitation of institutionalized participation

Excludes groups and limits radical change

Measuring success of social movements

Policy change, public opinion shifts, awareness and organizational growth

Social movement success factors

Political opportunities resources and effective framing

Woodly’s argument

Social movements create new democratic ideas and expand political possibilities

Non institutional participation benefits

Can disrupt politics highlight ignored issues and pressure elites

Change in liberal concerns

Shift from limiting government to promoting equality leading to larger state role

Communitarian critique of liberalism

Too focused on individuals ignores community and shared values

Classical liberalism

Supports minimal government and individual freedom

Modern liberalism

Supports active government to promote equality and opportunity

Minimal government

State maintains order and protects basic rights with little interference

Negative freedom

Freedom from interference

Positive freedom

Ability and resources to achieve goals

Critical race theory

Racism is embedded in systems and institutions

Liberal approach to racial discrimination

Use laws and policies to promote equality and fairness

Colourblindness

Ignoring race which can hide systemic inequality

Example of neutral but racist policy policing

Appears neutral but disproportionately affects minorities

Example of neutral but racist policy housing

Appears neutral but disadvantages racial minorities

Ethnic citizenship

Based on ancestry and heritage

Civic citizenship

Based on legal membership and participation such as in Canada

Liberal citizenship regime

Emphasizes rights inclusion and equality under law

Successful immigrant integration

Achieved through support inclusion and opportunity

Failed immigrant integration

Caused by exclusion discrimination and lack of opportunity

Citizenship rights based on personhood

Rights come from being human not nationality

Future of immigration

Expected to increase due to globalization inequality and climate change

Independent variable

The cause of an outcome

Dependent variable

The outcome being measured

Individual level of analysis

Focuses on leaders and individuals

State level of analysis

Focuses on governments and domestic politics

International level of analysis

Focuses on global systems and interactions

Democratic peace theory

Democracies do not go to war with each other

Level of democratic peace theory

State level

Just war theory

Evaluates whether war is justified

Elements of a just war

Just cause, proper authority, and proportionality

Green’s argument on climate change

Climate change is political and requires systemic solutions

Existential politics approach

Solves climate change through large scale political transformation

ISDS impact on climate policy

Discourages strong environmental laws

Climate change as a fractal problem

Exists at multiple levels from individual to global

Fractal carbon trap

Carbon emissions embedded across all levels of society

Canada’s reconciliation goals

Focus on symbolic recognition and policy reform

Indigenous reconciliation goals

Seek land rights sovereignty and self determination

Political hope lecture main point

Hope sustains democracy and motivates participation

Examples of political hope

Social movements reforms and civic engagement

Value of political hope

Encourages engagement and belief that change is possible