International relations 1920s

Wilson's 14 Points

• open covenants of peace

• freedom of the seas

• removal of all (possible) economic barriers

• reduction of armaments

• impartial adjustments of all colonial claims

• evacuation of Rusiian territory

• evacuation and restoration of Belgium

• liberation of Alsace and Lorraine

• Italian Frontier lines adjusted to be recognisable

• Austria-Hungarian autonomous development

• evacuation of occupational forces from Romania, Serbia, Montenegro -given clear access to seas

• Autonomous development of non-turks in the ottoman empire

• Independent Poland

• League of Nations

Why were the 14 points unrealistic?

• relies on trust and cooperation

• no revenge terms

• didnt account for unjust rulers

• self determination not equally bestowed

The terms of The Treaty of Versailles (GARGLE)

• Guilt clause

• Armed forces

• Reperations

• German territory losses

• League of Nations

• Extra Points (Austrian anchluss banned, State independence, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk revoked)

Other peace settlements

• Saint-Germain (austria)

• Neuilly (Bulgaria)

• Trianon (Hungary)

• Sevres (Turkey)

German reaction to The Treaty of Versailles

• It was nor negotiated nor was it an agreement, it was imposed.

• Focused on punishment not peace

• betrayed

Why did Germany hate the Treaty of Versailles (DIKTAT)

• germany was not Defeated, and claimed that they did not start the war

• Inflicted punishment that they could not recover from

• (K)Cutting the military

• Territory loss

• Absent from League of Nations

• Two-faced (self determination)

Aims of the League of Nations

• peace through collective security

• solving worldy social and economic problems

• solve conflicts through mediation

• respect and preserve the terriorrial integrity of independent states

• forbid secret treates

• uphold the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

The League of Nation's Commissions/agencies

• The mandates Commission

• the refugee Commission

• the slavery Commission

• the health committee

• the financial conmittee

• the ILO

Why were tensions high?

• America's return to isolationism

• debt, war loans, reperations

• French insecurity

• British isolationism

• Russia

• The rise of Japan as a world power

• The rise of fascist Italy

Events in Germany

• The Kapp Putsch

• Prime minister assasination

• The Munich Putsch (beer hall putsch)

• French invasion if the Ruhr

• Hyperinflation

International treaties and conferences

• the Washington conference

• the Genoa conference- the Rapallo pact

• the Lausanna Conference (most successful)

Attempts to imporove international relations

• Dawes and Young plan

• The Lorcano conference

• the Kellogg-Briand pact (USA-France)

Successes of the League of Nations- disputes (TASYMMB),

• Teschen (poland/Czechoslovakia)

• Aaland islands (Sweden/Finland)

• Upper Silesia (Germany/Poland)

• Yugoslavia/Albania border dispute

• Memel (Lithuania)

• Mosul (Turkey/Iraq)

• Bulgaria/Greese

Other successes of the League of Nations

• The ILO

• the refugee Commission

• The health organisation

• mandates Commission

• Humanitarian issues

• Financial aid

Failures of the League of Nations (VRRC)

• Vilna (capital of Lithuania)

• The Treaty of Riga (Poland and Russia)

• Ruhr invasion

• Corfu (Greece/Italy