PSY CH9: Motivation and Emotion

MOTIVATION

Force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do

NEED

Physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

DRIVE

Aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need

INSTINCT

Innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

INSTINCT

Innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

The direction of someone’s erotic interests, aspects of their behaviors and identity

Why might the use of labels to describe someone’s sexual orientation can be misleading?

Such labels ignore the potential for flexibility in human sexual attraction and behavior

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

Self-actualization (weakest)

Esteem

Love and Belongingness

Safety

Physiological Needs (strongest)

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

Motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being

• only possible after other needs in the hierarchy are met

SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY

All humans have 3 basic, innate organismic needs:

1. Competence

2. Relatedness

3. Autonomy

• All individuals have the capacity for growth and fulfillment

• Psychological needs are innate

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Motivation based on internal factors

• Competence, relatedness, autonomy, curiosity, challenge, and fun

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Motivation that involves external incentives

• Rewards and punishments

SELF-REGULATION

Process by which an individual effortfully controls behavior to pursue important objectives

• KEY: Getting feedback about progress

EMOTION

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

JAMES-LANGE THEORY

Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

CANNON-BARD THEORY

Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Cannon-Bard Theory vs. James-Lange Theory

In the Cannon-Bard theory, the BODY plays a less important role than in the James-Lange Theory

Schachter-Singer TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION

State of arousal(first factor) and then attribute that arousal to an emotion depending on external cues (second factor)

Schachter & Singer Epinephrine Injection

• Were not influenced by emotions of other as long as they had been told the injection would make them feel jittery

• Rates themselves happy when around a happy person

• Rated themselves as angry when around an angry person

FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS

Facial expressions can influence emotions and reflect them

EKMAN PHOTOGRAPHS OF EXPRESSIONS

Many facial expressions of emotion are the same across cultures

DISPLAY RULES

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

• May vary from one culture to another

VALENCE

Whether an emotion feels pleasant or unpleasant

AROUSAL LEVEL

Degree to which the emotion is reflected in a person’s being active, engaged, or excited versus being more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.

Positive Emotions

High-arousal - extant and excitement

Low-arousal - contentment and tranquility

Negative Emotions

High-arousal - rage, fury, and panic

Low-arousal - irritation and boredom

CIRCUMPLEX MODEL(Wheel of mood states)

Two independent dimensions, valence and arousal level, describe a vast number of emotional states