anatomy unit 2: tissue

what are the four primary types of tissue

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• nervous

Locations of epithelial tissue (3)

• body coverings

• body linings

• glandular tissue

functions of epithelial tissues (4)

• protection

• absorption

• secretion

• filtration

Characteristics of epithelial tissue (4)

• Cells fit CLOSELY together

• often form SHEETS

• the apical surface is FREE of tissue

• the basal surface rests on a BASEMENT membrane

more characteristics of epithelial tissue (3)

• Always has a TOP and BOTTOM

• Avascular (no blood supply)

• regenerate well if NOURISHED

simple def

one layer

stratified def

more than one layer

pseudostratified def

one MESSY layer that LOOKS like multiple layers

squamos def (3)

• thin

• flat

• scale like

cuboidal def (1)

• cube like

columnar def (2)

• tall

• narrow

Simple squamous (2)

• 1 layer of FLAT cells

• usually forms MEMBRANES

simple squamos location (3)

• body cavities

• air sacs of lungs

• lines blood capillaries

simple columnar (2)

• ONE layer of column-like cells

• often includes MUCOUS producing GOBLET cells

simple columnar locations (1)

• digestive tract

Simple cuboidal (2)

• ONE layer of cube-like cells

• commin in GLANDS and their DUCTS

simple cuboidal locations (2)

• ovary coverings

• kidney tubule

pseudostratified (2)

• cells attach to the BASEMENT MEMBRANE

• Frequently have CILIA which aid in movement

pseudostratified locations (3)

• respiratory tract

• fallopian tract

• male reproductive tract

stratified squamos (2)

• cells at the APICAL surface are FLAT

• found as a PROTECTIVE covering where FRICTION is common

stratified squamos locations (3)

• mouth

• esophagus

• skin

stratified cuboidal (1)

• TWO layers of cube-like cells

stratified cuboidal locations (1ish)

• excretory ducts of SALIVARY and SWEAT glands

stratified columnar (2)

• surface cells are column-like

• cells underneath vary in SIZE and SHAPE

stratified columnar locations (4)

• pharynx

• aNuSS

• conjunctiva of the eye

• male urethra

Transitional epithelial (2)

• rounded apical surface

• shape of the cells depends upon the amount of STRETCH

transitional locations (3)

• ureters

• bladder

• urethra

Glandular def

one or more cells responsible for SECRETION of a particular PROUCT

what are the 2 major gland types

• endocrine gland

• exocrine gland

Endocrine gland (2)

• DUCTLESS since secretions diffuse into BLOOD STREAM

• all secretions are HORMONES

Exocrine gland (2)

• secretions empty through DUCTS to the epithelial surface

• include SWEAT and OIL glands

Connective tissue (2)

• found EVERYWHERE in the body

• includes the most ABUNDANT and WIDELY distributed tissues

connective tissue functions (3)

• BIND body tissue together

• SUPPORT the body

• provides PROTECTION

Connective tissue characteristics (4)

• VARIATIONS in blood supply

• some tissue types are VASCULARIZED (blood vessels present)

• some have a POOR blood supply/VASCULAR (blood vessels present)

• extracellular matrix (non living material surrounding living cells)

Extracellular matrix (3)

• Ground substance (mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules)

• fibers

• produced by the cells

what are the 3 types of extracellular matrix (3)

• collagen (white) fibers

• elastic (yellow) fibers

• reticular fibers

what is bone (osseous tissue) composed of (3)

• bone CELLS in LACUNAE

• HARD matrix of CALCIUM salts

• large numbers of COLLAGEN fibers

bone connective tissue function (1ish)

• used to PROTECT and SUPPORT the body

what is the most common type of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

what is hyaline cartilage composed of (2)

• abundant COLLAGEN fibers

• RUBERY matrix

locations of hyaline cartilage (4)

• tip of nose

• ribcage

• larynx

• entire FETAL skeleton

elastic cartilage provides

elasticity

elastic cartilage locations (2)

• outer ear

• larynx

Which cartilage is HIGHLY compressible

fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage locations (3)

• intervertebral disc

• meniscus of the kneww

• forms cushion-like DISCS between vertebrae

which cartilage has the highest concentration of cells

elastic

which cartilage has the lowest concentration of cells

fibrocartilage

what are the main matrix elements of dense fibrous tissue (2)

• collagen fiber

• fibroblasts (cells that make fibers)

Locations of dense fibrous tissue (3)

• tendons

• ligaments

• dermis

What is the most widely distributed connective tissue

areolar

Areolar tissue (4)

• soft, pliable tissue like “cobweb”

• FUNCTIONS as a packing tissue

• contains ALL fiber types

• can SOAK up EXCESS FLUID

Functions of adipose tissue (3)

• insulate the body

• protect some organs

• serves as a site of fuel storage

Adipose tissue (2)

• Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules

• many cells contain large lipid deposits

Reticular tissue (2)

• Delicate network of INTERWOVEN fibers

• forms STROMA (internal supporting networa) of lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)

Blood (2)

• Blood cells surrounded by FLUID matrix called blood PLASMA

• FIBERS are visible during CLOTTING

Blood function

serves as the transport vehicle for materials (02, C02, hormones, nutrients, waste)

what kind control is skeletal muscle under

voluntary

What does skeletal muscle produce/how (3)

• gross body movements

• facial expressions

• contract to pull on bones or skin

Characteristics of skeletal muscle (3)

• striated

• multinucleate

• long and cylindrical

what control is cardiac muscle under

involuntary

where is cardiac muscle found

only in the heart

function of cardiac muscle

to pump blood

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells (3)

• one nucleus per cell

• striated

• cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

what control is smooth muscle

involuntary control

where is smooth muscle found

walls of hollow organs (such as stomach, uterus, blood vessels)

Characteristics of smooth muscle cells (3)

• no visible striation

• one nucleus per cell

• spindle shaped cells

what is nervous tissue composed of (2)

• neurons

• nerve support cells

what is the function of nervous tissue

to send impulses to other areas of the body

irritability def

ability of a receptor to turn a stimulus into an impulse

conductivity def

ability of on neuron to send a message to another neuron