Psych 160 Exam 1 Kondrad

continuous

gradual

discontinuous

stages

critical period

specific time, after which window slams shut

sensitive period

range of time after which window opening narrows

nature

heredity, mainly stable

nurture

forces of the world, more plastic

for low SES, IQ scores accounts for nearly _____% by environment

100

for high SES, scores accounted for mostly by ________

genes

theory

set of beliefs that describe, explain and predict

psychodynamic theory

inner forces drive behavior; childhood problems in particular stage cause later adult issues

sigmund frued--- psychosexual theory

id, ego, superego; stages involve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

id

pleasure

ego

reality

superego

morality

Erik Erikson---- psychosocial theory

society and culture presents conflicts at particular stags of life that, if not resolved, cause mental health problems

behavioral theory

observable behavior in terms of learning

behavioral theory-----pavlov

classical; dogs salivating related to food and feeder

behavioral theory --- Watson and Rayner

worked with an 11 month old named Albert and conditioned him to fear rats; establish connections with stimuli

behavioral theory---- skinner

pigeon project; rewarded for behavior

behavioral theory--- bandura

social learning; learning by watching people do things; bobo dolls

cognitive theory ---- piaget

how thinking changes and why; stages

humanistic theory ----- carl Rodgers

free will; unconditional positive regard; self actualization

contextual theory

physical, cognitive, social, emotional change must be studied together

contextual theory---- bronfenbrenner

biological systems; 5 levels of environment (micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono)

contextual theory---- vygotski

sociocultural zone of proximal development; scaffolding: assistance

must consider ______ to understand development

context

micro

immediate surroundings, DIRECTLY affects you

meso

connection between micro; a student’s parents meet with her teacher to discuss her academic progress

exo

social settings; social events or services that indirectly affect children; ex: judge’s decisions in divorce cases influence where children live

macro

culture and laws; ex: national or state laws on whether adolescents are treated like adults for criminal offenses

chrono

time; events that take place over time; ex: birth of a siblings, changes in policies

evolutionary theory

learn from ancestors

ethological approach

behaviors must be naturally selected if they are adaptive

ethological approach ---- Darwin

natural selection

ethological approach ---- Lorenz

imprinting; sensitive periods

goals of scientific psychology

describe, predict, explain

reliability

consistency “can i get the same result'“

validity

accurate; “am i measuring the RIGHT thing?”

attrition

participation drop out

correlational research

describes relationship between 2 variables (correlation does not equal causation)

ex: observation, case studies, surveys, interviews, psychophysiological

experimental research

has independent and dependent variables; helps explain relationship between variables

production manager

proteins

traits

complex interaction of many genes and countless other molecules

_____ pairs of chromosomes

23

monozygotic twins

identical

dizygotic twins

fraternal

genotype

genes

phenotype

observable trait

Down Syndome

cell division error produces extra on chromosome 21

fragile X

gene mutation on X chromosome turns off production of protein; large ears, forehead, intellectual disability

huntingtons disease

genetic defect, inherited, fatal nervous system disorder

Klinefelter's disease

extra X chromosome; affects males; lower testosterone levels, reduced facial hair/muscle mass,

Cystic fibrosis

organs degenerate, mucous clogs lungs/pancreas; white/latino/american indian

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells

Tay-Sachs

fatal nervous system disorder

PKU

treatable, amino acids build up, limit proteins

cephalocaudal

head to tail

prenatal development---- zygotic period

frist two weeks; fertilization, implantation, stats of placenta

prenatal development--- embryonic period

weeks 3-8; foundation of everything, heart begins beating; ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm; fastest growth

prenatal development--- fetal period

weeks 9-birth; growth and finishing

when is prenatal gender determined

12 weeks

fetal taste

when they start remember flavors

proximodistal trend

center of body to outward; head and trunk before arms and legs

pituitary

releases oxytocin; childbirth = helps cause contractions, breastfeeding = helps release milk = bonding = helps with parent-infant attachment

ovaries

estrogen

testes

testosterone

adrenal

androgens

thyroid

thyroxine

what influences age of menarche

genetics, nutrition, family stress, age of onset

brain maturing--- prenatal

neurogenesis

brain maturing---- first 2 years

synaptogenesis, myelination, brain triples in weight

brain maturing--- 4 years

brain lateralization

brain maturing---- adolescent

synaptic pruning, myelination

2 major changes in the adolescent brain

synaptic pruning, myelination

synaptic pruning

destroy unused connections

myelination

enhance used connections

major AREAS of change in the adolescent brain

prefrontal cortex, limbic system

moro reflex

in response to loud noise or sudden movement; flings arms up and open up fists and give self hug; protecting themselves from harm

rooting reflex

baby turns toward touch with mouth open; helps babies find food

suck reflex

something touching the roof of babies mouth; baby sucks

stepping reflex

holding baby upright with feet on flat surface; baby lifts one foot then the other as if walking

grasping reflex

pressing object into baby's palm; baby makes a fist around object

blinking reflex

rapid eye closure; when object comes close to baby; permanent throughout life

Relatedness

human population is 99.9% the same and .01% different

heredibility

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death; ex. division of fingers- not apoptosis and you have webbed digits

longitudinal testing

test 3 year olds multiple times until they are 11

cross sectional testing

test 3,4,5 year olds once

sequential testing

test 3,4,5 years olds multiple times until age 9,10,11

strength correlation

weak: .1-.3

moderate: .4-.6

strong: .7-1

direction: positive or negative

observational testing strengths

provides info, describes behavior, description can help you generate a theory

observational testing weaknesses

can not confirm or disconfirm, can not determine causality, does little to explain or predict

correlational testing is better for:

predicting behavior

correlation does not imply:

causation

experimental is good for predicting:

causality

Tabula Rasa

blank slate

Chronosystem

in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems

quickening

first fetal movements

teratogen- smoking

increased risk for premature birth, low birth weight, learning deficiencies in adolescence

teratogen- alcohol

depresses central nervous system