Purposive Communication in English - Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers Review

Descriptive Grammar

Grammar that focuses on language in context and actual usage.

Prescriptive Grammar

Grammar that focuses on language based on prescribed rules.

Parts of Speech

The building blocks of language that function to explain the usage of words in a sentence.

Noun

A word used to name a person, place, thing, state or quality.

Proper Nouns

Specific nouns whose first letters are capitalized (e.g., Jake, Fenilla, Monday, Davao City).

Common Nouns

General nouns that name non-specific people, places, or things (e.g., man, student, clinic, teacher, school).

Collective Nouns

Nouns that name groups (e.g., family, army, flock, choir).

Mass Nouns

Nouns that cannot be counted (e.g., salt, sugar, flour, feedback, equipment).

Concrete Nouns

Nouns that exist in the physical world (e.g., petals, tables, pens, cups).

Abstract Nouns

Nouns that refer to ideas and feelings (e.g., sadness, joy, brilliance).

Pronoun

A word used to replace a noun.

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns that refer to people or things (singular or plural), representing the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken about.

Subjective / Nominative Case (Pronouns)

The personal pronoun case that functions as the subject of the sentence.

Objective Case (Pronouns)

The personal pronoun case that functions as the object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase.

Possessive Case (Pronouns)

The personal pronoun case that acts as a marker of possession or ownership of a particular object or person.

First Person Pronouns

Pronouns referring to the person talking/speaker (Nominative: I, we; Objective: me, us; Possessive: my, mine, our, ours).

Second Person Pronouns

Pronouns referring to the person spoken to (Nominative: you; Objective: you; Possessive: your, yours).

Third Person Pronouns

Pronouns referring to the person spoken about (Nominative: he, she, it, they; Objective: him, her, it, them; Possessive: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs).

First Person Singular Nominative Pronoun

I

First Person Singular Objective Pronoun

me

First Person Singular Possessive Pronouns

my, mine

Second Person Nominative and Objective Pronoun

you (singular and plural)

Second Person Possessive Pronouns

your, yours (singular and plural)

Third Person Singular Nominative Pronouns

he, she, it

Third Person Singular Objective Pronouns

him, her, it

Third Person Singular Possessive Pronouns

his, her, hers, its

First Person Plural Nominative Pronoun

we

First Person Plural Objective Pronoun

us

First Person Plural Possessive Pronouns

our, ours

Third Person Plural Nominative Pronoun

they

Third Person Plural Objective Pronoun

them

Third Person Plural Possessive Pronouns

their, theirs

Nominative Case: Pronoun - Action Verb

Personal pronoun position as the subject preceding an action verb (e.g., 'He and I sang').

Nominative Case: Be Verb - Pronoun

Personal pronoun position following a 'be' verb as a predicate nominative (e.g., 'The singer is he').

Objective Case: Verb - Pronoun

Personal pronoun position following an action verb as an object (e.g., 'I gave him a chance').

Objective Case: Preposition - Pronoun

Personal pronoun position following a preposition as the object of a preposition (e.g., 'I smiled at him').

Possessive Case: Ownership

Personal pronoun usage indicating ownership of a particular person or object (e.g., 'The bag is mine').

Indefinite Pronouns

Pronouns that refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing.

Singular Indefinite Pronouns (List)

Any, anybody, nobody, anyone, each, everyone, one, someone, somebody, every, either, neither.

Plural Indefinite Pronouns (List)

All, some, few, both, several, many.

Reflexive Pronoun

A pronoun that refers back to the subject in the sentence or gives emphasis to the subject (e.g., 'I owe it to myself').

Intensive Pronoun

A pronoun used strictly to emphasize its antecedent (e.g., 'I myself made that decision').

Compound Personal Pronoun Forms

Myself, yourself, herself, itself, himself.

Demonstrative Pronoun

A pronoun used to point out specific people or things based on number and distance.

Demonstrative Pronoun: This

Used for a singular item that is near (e.g., 'This is my handbag').

Demonstrative Pronoun: These

Used for plural items that are near (e.g., 'These are my shoes').

Demonstrative Pronoun: That

Used for a singular item that is distant (e.g., 'That is my bag').

Demonstrative Pronoun: Those

Used for plural items that are distant (e.g., 'Those are my books').

Relative Pronouns

Pronouns used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause (who, whose, whoever, whom, that, which, whichever).

Interrogative Pronouns

Pronouns used to introduce questions (who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever).

Verb

A content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence.

Verb Inflection -s

Inflectional suffix marking the singular present form of a verb (e.g., sing-s).

Verb Inflection -d/-ed

Inflectional suffix marking the past form of a verb (e.g., walk-ed).

Verb Inflection -en

Inflection marking the perfect form of irregular verbs (e.g., be-en).

Verb Inflection -ing

Inflectional suffix marking the progressive form of a verb (e.g., walk-ing).

Regular Verbs

Verbs that form their past tense and past participle by adding 'd' or 'ed' to the base form (e.g., jump -> jumped; laugh -> laughed).

Irregular Verbs

Verbs that form their past tense and past participle in several unpredictable ways (e.g., be -> was/were -> been).

Verb 'Lie'

An irregular verb meaning to recline; forms are lie (present), lay (past), and lain (past participle).

Verb 'Lay'

An irregular verb meaning to place or put something; forms are lay (present), laid (past), and laid (past participle).

Linking Verbs

Verbs used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate which relates to the subject.

'Be' Form Linking Verbs

The most commonly used linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were.

Sensory and State Linking Verbs

Non-'be' linking verbs including become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, and remain (e.g., 'He is cute').

Auxiliary Verbs

Helping verbs used together with a main verb; the most common auxiliary verb is 'have'.

Auxiliary Verb 'Has'

Auxiliary verb used in the singular, present tense of the verb.

Auxiliary Verb 'Have'

Base form auxiliary verb used in the plural, present tense of the verb.

Auxiliary Verb 'Had'

Auxiliary verb used in both singular and plural past tense of the verb.

Auxiliary Verb Complement Rule

Rule stating that auxiliary verbs must be followed by a past participle form of the verb (e.g., 'He has seen him', 'We have seen him', 'I had loved him before').

Emphatic Verbs

Verbs (do, does, did) used to add emphasis, which must be followed by a simple form of the verb.

Emphatic Verb 'Do'

Used in present tense, plural + the simple form of the verb (e.g., 'We do love him').

Emphatic Verb 'Does'

Used in present tense, singular + the simple form of the verb (e.g., 'He does love me').

Emphatic Verb 'Did'

Used in past tense, singular/plural + the simple form of the verb (e.g., 'He did love me').

Adjective

A part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns.

Order of Adjectives in an Adjective Phrase

The standard modifier sequence: Determiners, Observations, Size, Shape, Age, Color, Origin, Material, Qualifier.

Determiners (Adjective Order)

First position in the adjective order: a, an, the, my, your, etc.

Observations (Adjective Order)

Second position in the adjective order: lovely, boring, nice, etc.

Size (Adjective Order)

Third position in the adjective order: tiny, small, huge, etc.

Shape (Adjective Order)

Fourth position in the adjective order: round, square, rectangular, etc.

Age (Adjective Order)

Fifth position in the adjective order: old, new, ancient, etc.

Color (Adjective Order)

Sixth position in the adjective order: red, blue, green, etc.

Origin (Adjective Order)

Seventh position in the adjective order: British, American, Mexican, etc.

Material (Adjective Order)

Eighth position in the adjective order: gold, copper, silk, etc.

Qualifier (Adjective Order)

Ninth and final position in the adjective order: limiters for compound nouns.

Adverb

A part of speech which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; generally placed immediately before or after the word it modifies.

Adverb of Time

An adverb telling when something is done or happens; used at the beginning or end of a sentence (or at the beginning for emphasis).

Adverbs of Time (Examples)

Afterward, already, last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday (e.g., 'See you later').

Adverb of Place

An adverb telling where something is done or happens; used after the verb, object, or at the end of a sentence.

Adverbs of Place (Examples)

Above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs (e.g., 'My room is upstairs', 'it is here').

Adverb of Manner

An adverb telling how something is done or happens; most end in -ly.

Adverbs of Manner (Examples)

Badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, well, hard, fast (e.g., 'slowly responding', 'spoke on politics well').

Adverb of Degree

An adverb telling the level or extent that something is done or happens.

Adverbs of Degree (Examples)

Almost, much, quite, so, too, very (e.g., 'I so love him', 'It was quite impressive').

Adverb of Frequency

An adverb telling how often something is done or happens.

Adverbs of Frequency (Examples)

Hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly (e.g., 'He always organizes shows').

Preposition

A word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence.

Preposition of Time: At

Used to designate specific times (e.g., 'The program will commence at 8:00 AM').

Preposition of Time: On

Used to designate days and dates (e.g., 'Results will be out on Sunday', 'celebration on June 12th').

Preposition of Time: In

Used for non-specific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year (e.g., 'in summer', 'in 1992', 'in December').

Preposition of Place: At

Used for specific addresses (e.g., 'Ruffa Papaya lives at Prk 1-D, Balagunan, Sto. Tomas City, France').

Preposition of Place: On

Used to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. (e.g., 'I feel cathartic when I am on Boulevard Street').

Preposition of Place: In

Used for the names of land areas such as towns, counties, states, countries, and continents (e.g., 'She dreams of living in Norway').