Conservation Exam 2

the fundamental goal of pest control is to:

A. minimize abundance of the pest species

B. reduce damage caused by the pest species

C. choose a socially acceptable form of pest control

reduce damage caused by the pest species

which is used most today for pest control?

A. target problem individuals

B. poison to efficiently decrease pest abundance

C. bounties to pay people for doing lethal removal

target problem individuals

which was a focal problem motivating the preservationist approach to natural resource conservation? (multiple answers)

A. species extinction

B. toxins in the environment

C. introduced species

D. fair distribution of natural resources among people

E. overabundance of predators

A, B, and C

how did kudzu get established in the US?

A. it was planted on purpose for erosion control and as an ornamental shade plant

B. it was a stowaway with garden plants brought to the US from Japan

C. it dispersed from Mexico

it was planted on purpose for erosion control and as an ornamental shade plant

the snail darter was threatened by:

A. pollution

B. overexploitation

C. construction of a dam

construction of a dam

the current rate of extinction is ___ compared to the average rate over geological history

A. slower

B. faster

C. the same

faster

use of DDT is now banned worldwide

A. false, it is easily accessible and widely used

B. false, it has limited use and is mostly used to control insects that spread disease

C. true, it is too harmful

false, it has limited use and is mostly used to control insects that spread disease

why was DDT a problem for birds?

A. it was poisonous to songbirds

B. it led to thinning of egg shells in predatory birds

C. it killed so many insects that there was not enough food for birds

it led to thinning of egg shells in predatory birds

what is the purpose of a population viability analysis? (multiple answers)

A. estimate the maximum harvest from a population that can be sustained until a certain time

B. estimate the probability that a population will go extinct within a certain amount of time

C. estimate the minimum abundance needed for a population to survive until a certain time

B and C

which is associated with an increased risk of extinction? (multiple answers)

A. high biotic potential

B. specialist

C. limited ability to disperse

D. limited experience with antagonists

E. large geographic range

F. low trophic levels

G. large home range

H. low level of inbreeding

B, C, D, and G

who does Jennifer Grunewald work for?

A. NOAA

B. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

D. National Wildlife Refuge Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

the 2 federal agencies that implement the Endangered Species Act are ___ and ___

Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues this after Section 7 formal consultation

biological opinion

the two watersheds Mrs. Grunewald described that had high levels of freshwater fish biodiversity were ___ and ____

Paint Rock, Cahaba

Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act

A. directs study of the status of the species to determine if federal protection is necessary

B. provides for cooperative agreements

C. requires agencies to ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species

D. prohibits import or export of listed species

directs study of the status of the species to determine if federal protection is necessary

Mrs. Grunewald said that declines in abundance of these two species motivated creation of legislation to protect species (multiple species)

A. snail darter

B. northern spotted owl

C. bald eagle

D. american alligator

E. passenger pigeon

C and E

what is Alabama ranked out of the U.S. states for the most listed species?

3

the Fish and Wildlife Service has been involved with replacing perched culverts because they

A. cause flooding

B. cause erosion

C. degrade spawning habitat

D. block fish from moving upstream

block fish from moving upstream

head starting has been used with which endangered species?

A. california condor

B. whooping crane

C. kemp’s ridley sea turtle

kemp’s ridley sea turtle

what is the fundamental goal of endangered species conservation?

A. reduce proximate causes of extinction

B. reduce ultimate causes of extinction

C. increase productivity of the species through captive breeding

D. recover the species in the wild

recover the species in the wild

which is a criticism of captive rearing and reintroduction? (multiple answers)

A. Cannot be used to augment small populations

B. Expensive

C. potential negative behavorial effects in captive individuals

D. potential negative genetic effects from inbreeding

E. resources should be directed to proximate causes of species decline

F. potential negative genetic effects from loss of local adaptations

B, C, D, E, and F

which is a goal of species conservation? (multiple answers)

A. increase population size

B. reduce proximate causes of decline

C. increase recruitment

D. expand geographical range to areas where the species did not previously occur

A, B, and C

which is a recommendation for captive breeding? (multiple answers)

A. collect as many individuals from the wild population as possible to avoid inbreeding

B. replicate natural habitat

C. avoid dependency on people or facility

D. use pedigrees

B, C, and D

a symbol for conservation

flagship species

a species with a large home range so that when it is conserved, species that live within its range are also conserved

umbrella species

a species that can be monitored to understand the fate of other species in the ecosystem

indicator species

a species with a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning out of proportion to its abundance or biomass

keystone species

the date entered in the matrix to determine which loggerhead sea turtle life stage has the largest effect on population growth was: (multiple answers)

A. carapace length

B. approximate age

C. probability of surviving and remaining in the same stage

D. probability of surviving and growing to the next stage

E. stage-specific fecundity

C, D, and E

the Course et al. 1987 study was important because it:

A. confirmed that conservation efforts should focus on eggs and hatchlings

B. suggested that conservation efforts should focus on juveniles and subadult turtles

C. suggested that conservation efforts should focus on the breeding stage

D. suggested that conservation efforts should be diversified to focus on all life stage equally

suggested that conservation efforts should focus on juveniles and subadult turtles

the theory that individuals have an incentive to over-use a shared resource because the environmental cost is shared

tragedy of the commons

a cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur it

externality

what is often used to prevent the tragedy of the commons? (multiple answers)

A. pest control

B. government regulation

C. increased habitat connectivity

D. captive breeding and reintroduction

E. privatizing land

B and E

which does not allow development, motor vehicles, or commercial activity?

A. national parks

B. wilderness areas

C. national forests

B. wilderness areas

which statement best describes the purpose of the National Park Service?

A. to protect land and its community of life untrammeled by man

B. to leave land unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations

C. to manage land for the health and enjoyment of the American people

to leave land unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations

having corridors between habitat patches can: (multiple answers)

A. decrease extinction risk

B. increase inbreeding

C. support wide-ranging species

A and C

a conservation easement is the main way to protect land owned by ___ in perpetuity

A. federal government

B. state government

C. county government

D. private landowner

private landowner

species that are unique to a geographic area

endemism

the process of a few immigrants evolving to fill niches

adaptive radiation

a kind of organism that is reproductively isolated from other groups in nature

species

island biogeography primarily relates the number of species on an island to: (multiple answers)

A. island size

B. habitat quality on the island

C. distance of the island from the mainland

A and C

common goals of restoration include to restore: (multiple answers)

A. ecosystem function

B. native species assemblage

C. land ownership

A and B

___ analysis uses GIS to identify land with a high priority for conservation

gap

the theory that current generations have lower expectations about the quality of natural resources compared to past generations

shifting baseline

which contributes to decisions about creating reserves? (multiple answers)

A. ecological theory

B. constraints in resource availability and existing land use

C. people’s values

A, B, and C

which is a common reason to do restoration? (multiple answers)

A. to create a Wilderness Area

B. there is little habitat left

C. an existing reserve is inadequate

D. mitigation for developing wetlands

B, C, and D

which is not directly manipulated in restoration?

A. disturbance regime

B. soil

C. water

D. exotic plants

E. birds

birds

why might a single large reserve be better than several small reserves? (multiple answers)

A. less chance of extinctions from relaxation

B. better protects species with small home ranges

C. more likely to contain metapopulations

D. more likely to have natural disturbances

E. more resilient to natural disaster

A, C, and D

approach to natural resource conservation that prioritizes the protection of biodiversity

preservationist

the sustainable ecosystem approach seeks to maintain ___ as a means of maintaining ___ and ____

ecosystem function, biodiversity, people’s productive capacity