Gr. 11 IB WR - Unit 2

blasphemy

any word or deed that defames that which is considered sacred

Apostles

A term meaning "one who is sent"; originally the twelve men Jesus chose to help him in his earthly ministry; bishops are the successors of the Apostles

Gentile

a person who is not of Jewish origin

council

the gathering of all bishops in the world in their exercise of authority over the universal Church

martyrs

witnesses to the faith who are killed because of their beliefs

patriarchates

offices and jurisdictions of high-ranking bishops called patriarchs with authority over other bishops within their territories; the five ancient patriarchates are Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem

Crusades

a series of military expeditions by Western Christians in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries designed to take the Holy Land back from Muslim occupation

Magisterium

the official teaching authority of the Church ; the Magisterium is the bishops in communion with Peter's successor, the bishop of Rome

transubstantiation

what happens at the consecration of the bread and wine at Mass when their entire substance is turned into the body and Blood of Christ, even though the appearance of bread and wine remain

bhakti

the devotional way of achieving liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, emphasizing a devotee's loving faith in the gods

asceticism

the practice of self-denial and self-discipline, particularly for religious or spiritual reasons

Sanskrit

from a word that means "perfected"; an ancient Indo-Aryan language that is the language of Hiduism and the Vedas

caste

one of the hereditary social classes in Hindu India that determines the occupation and social possibilities of its members

Ultimate Reality

In Hinduism, Brahman is the highest reality in the universe

Vedas

ancient scriptures composed in Sanskrit that are the foundation of Hinduism; the word Veda means "knowledge"; the most important Veda is the Rig Veda, which consists of 1,028 hymns praising the gods of the Aryan tribes who invaded India from the northwest starting around 2000 BCE

guru

from the Sanskrit for "teacher"; a Hindu teacher and guide philosophical and spiritual matters

transcendent

a term that means "lying beyond the ordinary range of perception"

karma

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences (reincarnations)

samsara

in Hinduism, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth or reincarnation until one has achieved oneness with brahman (Ultimate Reality); in Hinduism, the illusion that that a person is an individual rather than being one with Ultimate Reality fuels samsara

Brahman

in Hinduism, Ultimate Reality or Absolute Reality; the ultimate ground of all being

shruti

from a word that means "that which is heard"; the revered body of Hindu sacred scripture

smriti

meaning "that which is remembered"; Hindu scriptures in the form of epics and stories that shed light on the more abstract and esoteric shruti scriptures; the Mahabaharata and Ramayana are smriti

ahimsa

in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, the intentional avoidance of violence or injury against another living thing by acts of omission or commission, be it word or deed

Mahabharata

part of the Hindu smriti scriptures, an epic about the feud between the Pandava and Kaurava families over the inheritance; within the large epic are smaller stories, often philosophical

Bhagavad Gita

one of the stories within the Mahabharata epic, the most quoted of all Hindu scriptures throughout the centuries; it is a dialogue between Arjuna, a righteous warrior, and his charioteer, Krishna, and avatar of Vishnu, about personal detachment

Ramayana

part of the Hindu smriti scriptures, an epic about the adventures of Prince Rama, who journeys to rescue his wife, Sita, from the demon-king Ravana

Transcendental Meditation (TM)

a trademarked meditation technique derived from Hinduism that promotes deep relaxation through recitation of a mantra; founded by Guru Dev and popularized in much of the world by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

Time Periods of Hindu History

-Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE)

-Vedic Period (c. 1500-500 BCE)

-Classical Period (c. 500 BCE-1200 CE)

-Hindu-Muslim Period (c. 1200-1600 CE)

-Modern Period (1600 CE-Present)

Mohenjo-Daro

site containing the remnants of one of two main centers of the ancient Indus civilization (c. 2500-1700 BCE); located in the Sindh province of southern Pakistan;

Mahavira

founder of Jainism (6th century BCE); similar in many ways to Hinduism and Buddhism; Mahavira opposed some practices in Hinduism, e.g., elaborate sacrificial rituals; notable for establishing ahimsa (nonviolence)

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent; ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century; after that, it continued as a smaller and weaker entity until the mid-19th century

Mohandas Ghandi

1869-1948. Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and author who lead the Indian nationalist movement against British rule; came to be considered the father modern India; Gandhi is internationally respected for his practice of nonviolent protest (satyagraha)

Swami Vivekananda

1863-1902. Indian Hindu monk who toured Europe and the USA in the late 19th century and introduced much of the Western world to Hinduism

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

1917?-2008. Popularized Transcendental Meditation; became world famous in the 1960s because of his association with the Beatles

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)

Founded in 1965 by C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1896-1977); more popularly known as Hare Krishna; Western outgrowth of the popular Bengali bhakti (devotional) yoga tradition, or Krishna Consciousness, which began in the 16th century and advocates the pursuit of mystical devotion through repetitive chanting, especially of the Hare Krishna mantra

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

First Council of Nicaea

325 CE. the first ecumenical council of the Christian church, meeting in ancient Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey); called by the emperor Constantine I, who presided over the opening session and participated in the discussions; intended to solve the problem of Arianism, a heresy popularized by Arius of Alexandria, holding that Christ was a lesser being than God the Father

Schism of 1054

event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western church (led by Pope Leo IX); the mutual excommunications by the pope and the patriarch in 1054 became a watershed in church history, and were not lifted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I presided over simultaneous ceremonies revoking the excommunication decrees

Charlemagne

AKA Charles I, Charles the Great, (747?—814 CE); king of the Franks (768-814), king of the Lombards (774-814), and first emperor (800-814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire; his religious reforms solidified the organizational structures and the liturgical practices throughout Europe; his use of secular authority to influence religious life laid the basis for the tension between temporal and spiritual authorities in later western European history.

Martin Luther

1483-1546 CE; German theologian and religious reformer who started the 16th-century Protestant Reformation; Luther precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions, especially Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, the Anabaptists, and the anti-Trinitarians

John Calvin

1509-1564 CE; French theologian and ecclesiastical statesman; his interpretation of Christianity (known as Calvinism), advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (Institutes of the Christian Religion), and the institutional and social patterns he worked out for Geneva deeply influenced Protestantism throughout Europe and North America

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

Council of Trent

1545-1563. Called by Pope Paul III to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformers; reaffirmed papal supremacy, the need for faith and works in salvation, the Mass as a true sacrifice, transubstantiation, and the validity of the seven sacraments

World Council of Churches (WCC)

Christian ecumenical organization founded in 1948 in Amsterdam as "a fellowship of Churches which accept Jesus Christ our Lord as God and Saviour"; provides a forum different denominations to dialogue and collaborate

Emperor Theodosius I

347-395 CE; Roman emperor of the East (379-392) and of East and West (392-395); to settle the contentious debate over true Christianity, he adopted the Nicene Creed as the Christian norm, and and made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire (380); argued with St. Ambrose over the role of the church in imperial affairs; in 392 forces advocating paganism took power in Rome, but were defeated by Theodosius in 394

St. Athanasius of Alexandria

293-373 CE; was the chief defender of Christian orthodoxy in the 4th-century battle against Arianism, the heresy that the Son of God was a creature of like, but not of the same, substance as God the Father. His important works include The Life of St. Anthony, On the Incarnation, and Four Orations Against the Arians.

St. Benedict of Nursia

480-547 CE; founder of the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino and father of Western monasticism; the Rule that he established became the norm for monastic living throughout Europe. In 1964, in view of the work of monks following the Benedictine Rule in the evangelization and civilization of so many European countries in the Middle Ages, Pope Paul VI proclaimed him the patron saint of all Europe.

Byzantine Empire

the eastern half of the Roman Empire; fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453, almost a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms; the inhabitants thought of and referred to themselves as "Romans"

2nd Council of Lyon (1274) & Council of Florence (1431-49)

attempts to reconcile Eastern and Western Christianity after the schism of 1054;