Bio Unit 2 Animal Physiology Chp 5 chemical coordination

FAQ

Define homeostasis

Keeping the internal environment constant

Explain what a hormone is in 5 steps.

• Chemical molecules

• Secreted by glands 

• Carried by blood

• Act on target organ

• Provide widespread effect

What is endocrine and exocrine?

Endocrine: Produce hormones without a duct (ductless) 

Exocrine: Produce hormones by a duct

OBJQ + FAQ

What are the 4 differences between Nervous and hormonal control?

Nervous control                             vs                          Hormonal control

By nerve impulse	By hormones
Short lived	Long-lasting effect
Response is fast	Response is slow
Localised effect	Widespread effect

OBJQ

Explain the source, what it is carried by, stimulus, action and 8 effects of adrenaline.

Adrenaline

Source: Adrenal gland

Carried by: Blood

Stimulus: Fear, anger, and anxiety

Action: various organs

Effects: Heart rate→ to supply glucose and oxygen, 

             Breathing rate→ to supply oxygen

             Aerobic respiration→energy

             Blood is diverted from the gut to the skeletal muscles (fight or flight)

             Glycogen to glucose (aerobic respiration)

             Pupils dilate (wider vision) 

             Mental awareness (reactions are faster)

             Hair erect→make animal look larger

OBJQ

Explain the source, what it is carried by, stimulus, target organ and 3 actions of insulin.

Insulin

Source: Pancreas 

Carried by: Blood 

Stimulus: Increase in blood glucose concentration after a meal

Target organ: Liver

Action (1): Stimulate liver cells to take the glucose into the cell. 

Action (2): Convert glucose to glycogen 

Action (3): It decreases blood glucose level

Receptors in hormonal control: located in the cell membrane of the target cell or in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Without a specific receptor, the cell won’t respond to the hormone.

What is a gland and receptor in hormonal control?

An organ that secretes a substance.

Located in the cell membrane of the target cell or in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Without a specific receptor, the cell won’t respond to the hormone

OBJQ

Explain glucagon in terms of source, stimulus, carried by and target organ with functions.

Source: Pancreas (Alpha islet cell of Langerhans)

Stimulus: Fasting 

Carried by: Blood 

Target organ: Liver

Function

Action (1) Convert glycogen to glucose 

Action (2) Blood glucose level increases again

OBJQ + FAQ

Explain type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus in terms of cause, onset, 4 symptoms, 3 diagnoses, and 5 treatments

FAQ

Explain the acute complication of insulin deficiency, 3 long-term complications of microvascular complications, and 2 of macrovascular complications