hwst107 FINAL fill in the blank

Act 57

A law passed on June 8, 1896, by the Republic of Hawaiʻi that made English the required medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools, effectively banning Hawaiian-medium education for 91 years until its repeal in 1987.

Alexander and Baldwin (A&B)

One of the "Big Five" sugar corporations in Hawaiʻi that historically controlled over 90% of the island's sugar industry. In West Maui, A&B and Pioneer Mill owned the vast majority of agricultural lands and built extensive ditch systems to divert stream water for plantation crops, later transitioning those landholdings and water control toward commercial real estate, luxury subdivisions, and resort developments

Aloha ʻĀina

Literally translated as "love for the land/island" or "love your country". It serves as a foundational Hawaiian cultural and political value representing patriotism, environmental connection, and Hawaiian nationalism.

Bikini Atoll

A coral reef atoll in the Marshall Islands used by the U.S. military as a nuclear testing site. Residents were displaced under promises they could return, but testing left the land and water depleted and contaminated with radiation.

Kalama Valley

An agricultural valley in East Oʻahu where pig farmers and residents faced evictions in 1970–1971 by the Bishop Estate for commercial development, igniting modern Hawaiian land activism

Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner

A Marshallese poet, activist, and scholar who wrote the poem "History Project," which reflects on the history and lingering impacts of U.S. nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands

Militarism

An ideology or belief system that glorifies the military, promotes military values (such as discipline, hierarchy, aggression, and obedience), and supports military force as a primary tool to achieve national goals

Red Hill

The site of a U.S. Navy fuel facility disaster on Oʻahu where jet fuel and poisonous firefighting foam (PFAS) spilled, contaminating local groundwater and water systems

Lāhaina Wildfires

The catastrophic August 8, 2023 wildfires on West Maui that incinerated the historic town of Lāhainā and claimed at least 100 lives. The disaster was propelled by strong winds, drought, faltering water systems, and dry non-native invasive grasses left on lands converted by a century and a half of plantation agriculture and resort development.

Resurgence

The ongoing cultural, political, and social movement of Native Hawaiians to revitalize and reclaim land, waters, language, traditional practices (such as hula, kalo farming, and fishponds), and political self-determination in the face of colonial and capitalist dispossession