global health quiz 1

Global Health (IOM 1997)

Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, are influenced by circumstances in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative global actions and solutions.

Reasons for Global Health Interest

Driven by moral duty, public diplomacy, and self-protection investments.

Transnational Health Determinants

Global health challenges driven by cross-border factors such as climate change, urbanization, and malnutrition.

Alma-Ata Declaration (1978)

Historic conference affirming health as a fundamental human right and declaring gross global health inequality politically, socially, and economically unacceptable.

Eight Components of Primary Health Care

Education, maternal/child care, proper nutrition, immunization, safe water supply, basic sanitation, endemic disease control, and appropriate treatment for common illnesses.

Health as a Public Good

Concept stating health is non-excludable, available for all in the public domain, and cannot be reduced to a commercial commodity.

New Definition of Health (Huber et al. 2011)

Defined as the ability to adapt and to self-manage.

Social Determinants of Health

Factors in the social environment that govern access to healthcare services and shape individual lifestyle choices.

Health Inequality vs. Health Inequity

Health inequality refers to observable differences in health across groups, whereas health inequity refers to avoidable, unjust, and unfair health differences.

New Paradigm of Health

A modern framework shifting focus toward health protection, health creation, health justice, and health sustainability.

Epidemiology

The study of health patterns and assumptions that disease occurrence in populations is non-random and driven by causal and protective factors.

Surveillance

Continuous, systematic analysis, interpretation, and feedback of collected population health data.

Prevalence

The total number of current cases of a given disease in a population at a specific point in time.

Incidence

The rate at which new cases of a disease occur within a population.

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A time-based metric quantifying total disease burden by combining years of life lost to premature mortality (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD).

DALY Formula

$$\text{DALY} = \text{YLL} + \text{YLD}$$

GINI Coefficient

An economic metric measuring the distribution of income or consumption that deviates from perfect equality.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure summarizing average national achievement in a long/healthy life, knowledge, and standard of living.

Virulence

The degree to which a pathogen can overcome host immune defenses to cause disease damage.

Relative Risk (RR)

A measure comparing disease risk in an exposed group to an unexposed group, where $\text{RR} > 1.0$ indicates increased risk from exposure.

Odds Ratio (OR)

A metric estimating relative risk by comparing exposure odds to health outcomes, frequently used in case-control studies.

Attributable Risk (AR)

Metric demonstrating the exact proportion of disease risk attributable to a specific exposure factor.

Rate Calculation Formula

$\text{Rate} = \frac{\text{Number of cases}}{\text{Population at risk}}$ over a defined period of time.

Cross-Sectional Study

Observational study design analyzing a population subset at a single point in time to assess health status or prevalence.

Cohort Study

Study design categorizing subjects based on risk factor exposure and following them over time to measure disease outcomes.

Case-Control Study

Study design comparing individuals with a disease (cases) to individuals without the disease (controls) to investigate prior exposures.

Ten Steps of an Outbreak Investigation

(1) Establish existence, (2) prepare fieldwork, (3) verify diagnosis, (4) define/identify cases, (5) run descriptive epidemiology, (6) develop hypotheses, (7) evaluate hypotheses, (8) refine hypotheses, (9) execute control/prevention measures, and (10) communicate findings.

Global Health Governance

The management of the global health system through organized social responses to global health conditions.

Old vs. New Governance

"Old" governance was state- and WHO-centric, whereas "New" governance involves multilateral banks, NGOs, private foundations, industry, and public-private partnerships.

WHO Mandate

A broad mandate aiming for the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health.

Assessed Contributions

Mandatory core membership dues paid by member states to international agencies like the WHO.

Specified (Earmarked) Voluntary Contributions

Highly restricted donor funds tied tightly to specific projects, creating strategic flexibility challenges for recipient organizations.

Essential Functions of