Vocabulary Review for Midterm Exam

Define this:

Decreased white blood cell count

Leukopenia

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Increased white blood cell count

Leukocytosis

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Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

Bacteremia

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Nonspecific marker of inflammation that measures how far red blood cells settle in a tube over one hour

ESR

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Autoantibodies directed against citrullinated proteins that are strongly associated with RA

If positive then greater risk of erosive joint damage

Anti-CCP

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Abnormal discontinuous popping or crackling sounds head during lung auscultation

Suggest fluid or abnormal lung tissue

Crackles

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Crackling, popping or grating sensation or sound caused by movement of tissue or strictures

In joints: cartilage degeneration

Skin: Air trapped in SubQ tissue

Crepitus

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Form of COPD characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchioles

Emphysema

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An area of lung tissue in which normally air-filled alveoli become filled with material, such as inflammatory fluid, pus, blood, or cells

Consolidation

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An imaging term describing an abnormal area of increased density in the lungs, suggesting material or tissue has accumulated where it normally would not

Infiltrate

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A pulmonary function test that measures how much air a person can exhale and how quickly they can exhale it

Spirometry

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Volume of air forcibly exhaled during the first second of a forced expiration following a full inhalation

Decrease in asthma + COPD

FEV1

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Maximum airflow achieved during a forceful expiration after taking a deep breath

PEF

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Proportion of a person's forced vital capacity exhaled during the first second

FEV1/FVC

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A condition in which the normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is replaced by intestinal-type columnar epithelium, usually due to chronic GERD.

Barrett’s esophagus

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Inflammation and damage to the esophageal mucosa that results in visible erosions, commonly from repeated exposure to gastric acid in GERD

Erosive esophagitis

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An abnormal narrowing of a hollow organ or passage

Esophageal → difficulty swallowing

Stricture

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A full-thickness tear or hole in the wall of an organ, allowing its contents to escape into surrounding tissues or spaces

Perforation

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A bony outgrowth, or bone spur, that develops around joints, commonly in OA.

Osteophyte

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An autoantibody associated with RA, but it can also occur in other conditions and healthy individuals.

RF

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Abnormally low oxygen level in arterial blood.

Hypoxemia

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Inadequate oxygen availability at the tissue level

Hypoxia

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Abnormally elevated carbon dioxide in the blood, often due to inadequate ventilation

Hypercapnia

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A decrease in blood pH caused by CO₂ retention, often from inadequate alveolar ventilation.

Respiratory acidosis

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Increased front-to-back chest diameter, which can occur with chronic lung hyperinflation in COPD.

Barrel Chest

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Inflammation of the stomach lining; it may be associated with H. pylori, NSAIDs, or other causes.

Gastritis

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Protein-rich fluid and cells that escape from blood vessels during inflammation.

Exudate

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Abnormal cellular growth and organization that can be precancerous.

Dysplasia

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Black, tarry stool that can indicate GI bleeding

Melena