UNIT 5: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, & IMMUNE SYSTEMS

Exam dare: Tuesday, Nov. 17

Describe the five functions of the skeletal system.

What major bones belong to the axial skeleton, and which belong to the apendicular skeleton?

Describe the different parts of a long bone (Be sure to be able to label all the parts including diaphysis, ephiphysis, ephiphyseal growth plate, periosteum, and cartilage).

Describe the function of ligaments and tendons.

Explain what specific part of a long bone contains red bone marrow, and what that substance produces.

Describe the specific part of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow. What nutrient(s) does yellow bone marrow store? Describe what the body uses that/those nutrient(s) for on a daily basis.

Describe the three kinds of joints introduced in this lecture. Mention an example of each from around the body.

Synovial joints provide a wide range of body movements. Describe each type of joint movement below, including flexion, extension, adduction, pronation, supination, circumduction, inversion, and eversion.

Describe how bones grow and remodel themselves throughout a person’s life, including what cells build new bone tissue and which cells break down (or “chew”) bone tissue.

About how often is your skeleton remodeled or completely replaced by these cells?

What is osteoporosis and what are the risk factors for this disease?

Describe the functions of the three types of muscle discussed in lecture.

Most limb movement by skeletal muscles is performed by muscles arranged in __________ pairs. Describe an example of such a pair of muscles in your body.

Describe the functions of each term: Myofilaments; Sarcolemma; Sarcoplasmic reticulum; Sarcomere; Transverse tubule; Motor neuron axon; Motor neuron axon terminal.

Within a sarcomere, there are two types of protein filaments called the thick and thin filaments that are attached to the ends of the cylindrical muscle cell (or fiber). The interaction between these two types of filaments will physically pull on the ends of the muscle cell and shorten its length when the brain sends a signal to do so. Which of these filaments does the “pulling” and which of these filaments is “pulled” during the contraction of a skeletal muscle? What is the energy source for this action?

When a motor neuron is activated, it will release a neurotransmitter onto muscle cells. What is the name of this neurotransmitter? What electrical event does this neurotransmitter trigger in a muscle cell that spreads along its surface? What is the intracellular chemical signal that directly stimulates the actual contraction of a sarcomere?

Describe the characteristics of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle cells.

In a normal heart cycle, which chambers of the heart contract first? Which contract second?

Describe what the term systole means. Describe what the term diastole means.

Explain why blood pressure is such an important clinical measure. Describe what is meant by the terms systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. What is a normal blood pressure measurement when a person is at rest? What does a value above this normal reading indicate?

Describe the following terms: Atherosclerosis; Heart attack (myocardial infarction); Aneurysm; Stroke.

Describe the functions of blood.

Blood has two components called formed elements and plasma. Describe each of these two components.

What is the important protein inside your red blood cells that helps to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body?

Describe the general function of white blood cells. Describe the function of platelets.

Describe the difference between a microbe and a pathogen.

Describe the characteristics of bacteria. Are they alive? Why or why not? Are they susceptible to antibiotics?

Describe the characteristics of viruses. Are they alive? Why or why not? Are they susceptible to antibiotics?

Describe the characteristics of prions. Are they alive? Why or why not? Are they susceptible to antibiotics? What kinds of diseases do they produce?

Describe the differences between the innate immune system response to a pathogen and the acquired immune system response to a pathogen.

Describe our “first line of defense” against pathogens.

Describe our “second line of defense” against pathogens.

Describe the specific job that a phagocyte performs during an immune response. Which white blood cells specifically act as phagocytes?

Describe our “third line of defense” against pathogens.

What sorts of pathogens do B-cells preferentially fight and what sorts of pathogens do T-cells preferentially fight? How does each fight these pathogens?

Explain the difference between passive and active immunity. Describe the two ways that each can be obtained.

Describe the advantages of vaccines. Describe the disadvantages.

What are allergies? How is the immune system triggered in these annoying situations?

Describe how the immune system interferes with tissue or organ transplants? How can these difficulties be overcome?

What is autoimmunity and what kinds of disorders can result?

What is immunodeficiency? Describe two ways a person can become immunodeficient.