History - Elizabeth

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her careful and aware of the dangers surrounding her?

She was made aware of the fact that men would want to use her for marriage because of Thomas Seymour, who used to cut up her dresses and burst into her bedroom, despite being three times her age

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her clever and astute at dealing with men? How did this impact her rule? ADD 2ND ANSWER

She was made aware of the fact that men would want to use her for marriage because of Thomas Seymour, who used to cut up her dresses and burst into her bedroom, despite being three times her age She used the prospect of marriage as a way of maintaining good relationships with the powerful leaders of other countries

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her keen to avoid bloodshed where possible

Her predecessor, bloody mary, ordered the burning of 300 protestants. Her mother was executed when she was only 2

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her dislike extreme religious views? How did this impact her rule? ADD 2ND ANSWER

Mary Tudor was so strongly catholic that Elizabeth had to hide her religious views. During the Wyatt rebellion 1554, protestants marched to London protesting against Mary marrying the Catholic king of Spain. Elizabeth was arrested for colluding with them but was eventually released as there was no evidence She had to hide her protestantism due to extreme Catholic Bloody Mary She created a religious settlement, a way of pleasing both Catholics and protestants

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her a clever negotiator who held her cards close to her chest

She pretended to be catholic, even going to Mass during Mary’s reign as it was dangerous to be protestant (she ordered the burning of 300)

What events in Elizabeth's early life made her intelligent and unusually well educated for a woman in this time

She was taught French, Italian, and Latin, as well as public speaking

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: strengths of succession (before)

Some were hopeful about Elizabeth as they were relieved Mary was no longer queen

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of succession (expectations, pope, alternative)

Women were regarded as weak so Elizabeth was expected to take a husband immediately The pope did not recognise Henry and Anne’s marriage as legitimate, so Elizabeth could be excommunicated Mary queen of scots had a claim to the throne and many people supported her

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Strengths of religion (new)

Some people were relieved to see a protestant queen

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of religion (change, different, harsh, back, rebellion)

Huge divisions between catholics and protestants Henry viii made himself head of the church, Mary Tudor had made England catholic, then edward made england protestant → lots of unrest Mary Tudor burned 300 regular protestants In 1558 puritans who had been exiled returned to England and put pressure on elizabeth Many catholics in the north who agreed with mary tudor

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Strengths of economy (merchants)

Many merchants became wealthy selling products abroad

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of economy (farm, break, germany 1929)

Arable farmers lost their jobs as landowners started keeping livestock rather than growing crops Wool market collapsed in the early 1500s, so many weavers and farmers lost jobs Food prices increased and the poor could barely afford it

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Strengths of international relations (possibilities)

Philip of Spain was the most powerful ruler in Europe and he wanted to marry Elizabeth, a tool she was able to use

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of international relations (enemies, alliances, troops, religion)

England was much weaker than France and Spain. England and Spain had been enemies for centuries and were at war in 1558. France controlled Scotland because Mary Queen of Scots was married to the heir of France. French troops in Scotland posed a threat to England's security. In 1558, England lost Calais, its last French territory. Philip was catholic, so may wage war on England if it became protestant

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Strengths of government (peace, protection, money)

Justices of peace helped to improve law and order successfully. Mary Tudor had strengthened the navy, helping to protect the coastline. She had also increased the revenue from taxes, fines, and customs.

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of government (money, protection, council)

Debts of £300,000 due to a war with France. Not enough money to pay a full time army to protect the country. Elizabeth inherited Mary's catholic councillors and ministers

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Strengths of society (place)

People believed in a strict hierarchy which the monarch was the head of, as they had been appointed by God. Loyalty was very serious and people were unlikely to challenge their superiors

Situation when Elizabeth came to power: Weaknesses of society (women, poor, crime, disease)

Women belonged to male relatives and could not own property Poverty was growing in the working class due to the collapse of the wool market Vagabondage (wandering beggars) were becoming more and more common → increased fear of crime. Flu epidemic sweeping the country that killed thousands

How did Elizabeth use progresses to maintain her authority?

Showed off her power and splendour to ordinary people Nobles regarded it as a great privilege to receive the monarch Allowed her to keep an eye on powerful families making sure they stayed loyal (including catholic families) She had no expense as it was all paid by the noble family

What were the limitations or drawbacks of progresses?

She never visited the north or the south west on a progress. These areas were the most catholic so probably would have benefitted most from progress. As a result, they may have been even less loyal. Number of progresses decreased as she got older

How did Elizabeth use portraits to maintain her authority?

Used as propaganda to create an image of authority and a strong, powerful and ageless (her job is to produce an heir so presenting herself in this way shows that this is still a possibility) monarch. Hid changes to her appearance and weaknesses, like the thinning of her hair and the blackening of her teeth. Nobles displayed them in their homes to show loyalty

What were the limitations or drawbacks of portraits?

Too expensive for ordinary people to afford. They may never have seen one. Became more inaccurate throughout time. Forced her to use makeup to keep up this appearance, which at the time was lead based, so damaged her health

How did Elizabeth use patronage to maintain her authority?

She could use a carrot (rewards like giving titles and land) and stick (taking away these privileges) to keep people loyal to her. She used these to create rivalries between nobles (e.g. between Cecil and Dudley), so that nobody became too powerful or could band together with lots of other nobles and overthrow her

What were the limitations or drawbacks of patronage?

People got upset that they were not given as many privileges as Elizabeth's favourites. This led to problems, for example, in 1601, the earl of essex started an unsuccessful rebellion because Elizabeth stripped him of his privileges.

How did Elizabeth use the privy council to maintain her authority?

A group of loyal, intelligent, hardworking men who Elizabeth trusted to help her rule. No catholics who would challenge her religious position She did not have to do as they suggested Used rival factions to make sure that nobody became too powerful, and she always have a wide range of advice

What were the limitations or drawbacks of the privy council?

Contained puritans, though elizabeth disliked religious extremism Could lead to disagreements between conflicting characters Elizabeth became increasingly reliant on a small number of members (e.g. william cecil died in 1598)

How did Elizabeth use parliament to maintain her authority?

Parliament was only called when Elizabeth wanted it, and only lasted as long as she wanted. MPs were likely to be loyal to her as shey owed their positions to her Elizabeth used speeches to charm or pressure MPs She appointed the speaker, who controlled what topics were discussed and could shut down anything she did not want to talk about She could close down meetings and imprison MPs She had the right to Veto any decision

What were the limitations or drawb-acks of the parliament?

She needed to call Parliament to raise taxes Due to financial problems (inherited debt from french war), she called parliament more than she would have liked to As her reign went on, parliament criticised her more and more for her marital status and religious views

How many times did Elizabeth call parliament (X times in X years) ?

13 times in 45 years

William Cecil: Religion

Moderate Protestant

William Cecil: character

Hardworking, cautious, avoided war

William Cecil: positions held

Secretary of state (leader of the privy council), Lord Treasurer (finances)

William Cecil: importance and work done in the privy council

Elizabeth's most trusted advisor. She respected him for speaking his mind even when they disagreed.

William Cecil: relations with others

Often argued with dudley and walsingham

Francis Walsingham: Religion

Strong puritan who had fled england when mary tudor ruled

Francis Walsingham: character

Blunt, good organiser

Francis Walsingham: positions held

Secretary of state at one point. Ambassador in Paris

Francis Walsingham: importance and work done in the privy council

Foreign network of spies who foiled plots against Elizabeth

Francis Walsingham: relations with others

Clashed with Cecil. Ally of Dudley.

Robert Dudley: Religion

Radical puritan

Robert Dudley: character

Dashing, handsome, rumoured to be Elizabeth’s lover

Robert Dudley: positions held

Master of the horse - responsible for Elizabeth’s personal safety

Robert Dudley: importance and work done in the privy council

Accompanied Elizabeth as a consort and dancing partner. Organising coronation celebrations

Robert Dudley: relations with others

Clashed with Cecil. Ally of Walsingham.

Christopher Hatton: Religion

Moderate protestant who hated puritans and sympathised with catholics

Christopher Hatton: character

Loyal, hardworking, clever, Elizabeth noticed him dancing at court and promoted him

Christopher Hatton: positions held

Captain of the queen's bodyguard, lord chancellor

Christopher Hatton: importance and work done in the privy council

Organising royal progresses

Christopher Hatton: relations with others

Good relations with others. Elizabeth relied on him to persuade MPs about laws and taxes

Robert Devereux: Religion

Puritan, but religion was a relatively small part of his life

Robert Devereux: character

Young, eloquent, could be arrogant and short tempered

Robert Devereux: positions held

Military hero, leading troops

Robert Devereux: importance and work done in the privy council

Influence over military campaigns and voyages of exploration

Robert Devereux: relations with others

Rivalry between him and Robert cecil, william cecil’s son

What are the two factions within the privy council and who is in each

Moderate protestants: Hatton, cecil Puritans: walsingham, dudley, devereux

How did Elizabeth use factionalism to maintain her power

Deliberately appointed people who disagreed about politics, culture, and religion. This meant that they would compete against one another for her affections, and they would not band together to become too powerful and be a danger to her or try to overthrow her. This was especially important as a female ruler. This also meant that she would have a wide range of opinions on different issues, so she would normally have some support with whatever she chose.

Pros of Elizabeth marrying a foreign suitor

Could help England make a powerful alliance (e.g. Spain, the richest country in England)

Cons of Elizabeth marrying a foreign suitor (especially King Phillip of Spain)

Will make enemies of countries that have been rejected Phillip and Mary’s marriage was so unpopular that it caused a rebellion in England and a war with France she did not want to make an unpopular match

Cons of Elizabeth marrying an English suitor

Most possible suitors were Catholic (at court, parliament), which would undermine her religious settlement It would unbalance the sides of the pricy council

Pros of marriage in general

She is expected to provide an heir to the Tudor throne (otherwise it might be Mary)

Cons of marriage in general

Limit her freedom and power She would have to share power with her husband, who might try to take control Her father’s marriages went badly Mary’s marriage had been incredibly unpopular

Details of King Philip of Spain and why Elizabeth did not marry him

Ruler of the richest country in Europe, a very powerful alliance to make. Territories in South America which yielded gold and silver. Phillip and Mary’s marriage was so unpopular that it caused a rebellion in England and a war with France He might try to take more of her power It would anger other suitors from other countries, damaging international relations He was a catholic

Details of Prince Eric of Sweden and why Elizabeth did not marry him

A protestant prince with whom negotiations went on for years He would not make a powerful alliance for England

Details of Robert Dudley and why Elizabeth did not marry him

Close friend and adviser of Elizabeth since childhood. A puritan. Some historians believe they were already in love He was already married. Even when his wife died, he still could not marry Elizabeth as he was in mourning. It would upset the religious balance in the privy council

Details of the Duke of Alencon and why Elizabeth did not marry him

Younger brother of the king of France. A catholic. Elizabeth was fond of him. Marriage to a catholic would undermine her own religious beliefs as well as the religious settlement Negotiations went on when Elizabeth was 46, and unlikely to have a child. If they got married and did not have a child, when Elizabeth died the Duke would rule England

Why was Elizabeth under pressure to marry in 1558

She was 25 when she first came to the throne, and most women were already married by this point. People were skeptical about another female ruler, especially after Mary, so wanted her to marry and share her power immediately. Ruling was seen as a man’s job.

Why was Elizabeth under pressure to marry in 1560

Robert Dudley’s wife Amy had ‘fallen’ down the stairs and died, meaning Dudley could seek marriage with Elizabeth. There were already rumours that the two were in love.

Why was Elizabeth under pressure to marry in 1562/3

She fell ill with smallpox, a disease that often killed those infected. There was a crisis as to who would take the throne if she died. She had cousins, but they were not strong contenders. There were rumours that a civil war might break out, or that Mary Queen of Scots would become Queen, which would lead to religious instability as she was a Catholic. People were relieved when she recovered, but it had shown them the risks of having no heir, so discussions around marriage and succession became stronger and more open

Why was Elizabeth under pressure to marry in 1566 - 1576

Pressure reached its highest point. Parliament raised the issue of marriage again, encouraged by the privy council. Elizabeth responded angrily by calling Parliament too ‘feeble minded/ to discuss it, and she forbade them to discuss it. In 1576, one MP (Peter Wentworth) was arrested for demanding the right to free speech.

Why was Elizabeth under pressure to marry in late 1570s

Pressure somewhat declined as the chances of her marrying and having children decreased. There was, however, some discussion of marriage to the Duke of Alencon, who was a catholic. This sparked controversy as people in the privy council had strong views about his religion, while others simply wanted her to produce an heir quickly. There was also the problem that if they married and did not have a child, the duke would be Elizabeth’s heir.

How did Elizabeth use her unmarried status to her own advantage?

She called herself the ‘virgin queen’ and said she was ‘married to England’, which was very important to her propaganda cult. It allowed her to manipulate men effectively, as she rarely ever directly rejected anyone, allowing them to think that if they treated her well, there was a chance of a marriage. It allowed her to be more independent and in control of decisions.

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about who should be priests

Puritans: Priests, no! Ordinary people should be allowed to preach. Protestants: Catholics:

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about priests getting married

Puritans: Priests are just regular people… so yes. Protestants: Priests should be able to marry. Catholics: Priests should not be allowed to marry.

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about clothes priests should wear

Puritans: Priests should wear plain black gowns, ot vestments Protestants: Priests can still wear vestments, but not too richly decorated Catholics: They should wear finely decorated vestments!

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about the head of the church

Puritans: There is no head of the church! It is run by the people! Protestants: The monarch is the head of the church. Catholics: The pope is the only true head of the church!

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about archbishops, bishops etc

Puritans: they should not exist, People should make their own rules. Protestants: They should help the monarch Catholics: They should help the pope

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about music and hymns in church

Puritans: There should be no music in church! Protestants: Catholics: Priests should be sung and organ music should be played.

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about decoration in church

Puritans: Churches should be white washed and as plain as possible. There should be a regular wooden table, not an altar. Protestants: there should be no wall paintings or statues, but some decoration is allowed Catholics: They should be finely decorated!

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about communion

Puritans: It does not transform, just helps us remember the sacrifice Jesus made. Protestants: It does not transform, just helps us remember the sacrifice Jesus made. Catholics: Transubstantiation takes place, it transforms into the body and blood of Christ!

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about the language of sermons and the bible

Puritans: It should be in English, for everyone to understand! Protestants: It should be in English, for everyone to understand! Catholics: It should be in Latin!

What did Puritans, moderate protestants, and Catholics believe about non-believers

Puritans: Non-believers should be punished! Protestants: Non-believers should be punished! Catholics: Non-believers should be burned!

What would be the reasons for directing the church towards catholics

Elizabeth was fond of some decoration and music in church Elizabeth was keen to avoid religious conflict, and the most powerful countries in Europe were Catholics (including France and spain) Bishops were catholic, it would be hard to go against House of lords contained many catholics A lot of people liked the decoration and songs in catholic ceremonies

What would be the reasons for directing the church against Catholics

Did not match Elizabeth’s beliefs. She did not like the ‘superstition’ of transubstantiation

What would be the reasons for directing the church against puritans

Would lose support of the people in the middle of the religious spectrum, as well as extreme catholics. Puritans wanted to run their own church, a challenge to Elizabeth's authority

What would be the reasons for directing the church towards protestants

Elizabeth needed the support of parliament to raise taxes. Most of the house of commons were protestant Most people in or near London were Protestant This would match Eliabeth’s own beliefs

What would be the reasons for directing the church against protestants

Most bishops and clergy were catholic, and she may have to replace them

When was Elizabeth’s religious settlement

1559, only a year after she came to the throne

What were the two acts of Elizabeth’s religious settlement passed

Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity

What did the act of supremacy state

England is officially protestant Elizabeth is the supreme governor of the church Bishops were given the job of running the church Clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth

What did the act of uniformity state

A new English Protestant prayer book in churches, that all clergy had to use Bible and church services in english Bread and wine taken, but the meaning left open Some decoration allowed in churches, priests wore fine (ish) vestments Priests allowed to marry 1 shilling fine for not going to church (lots for poor, ok for rich), but Elizabeth turned a blind eye if it was not collected

What did catholics like about the religious settlement

Elizabeth not claiming to be the head of the church Bishops given the job of running the church Bread and wine taken, and they are free to believe in transubstantiation Some decoration Priests wore fine vestments You could probably get away with not going to church if you didn’t want to

What did catholics not like about the religious settlement

Bishops and clergy having to swear an oath of loyalty Services and bible in english

What did protestants like about the religious settlement

England is officially protestant Services and bible in english Some ornaments and decoration+ vestments Bread and wine taken and the meaning is not definitely transubstantiation. Priests allowed to marry New prayer book follows protestant teachings

What did protestant not like about the religious settlement

Nothing! It was great!!

What did puritans like about the religious settlement

New prayer book follows protestant teachings England is officially protestant Services and bible in english Bread and wine taken and the meaning is not definitely

What did puritans not like about the religious settlement

There are still priests, bishops, and a church hierarchy Still ornaments and decorations Priests still wear vestments

How were the Puritans a strong challenge to Elizabeth

Openly criticised the church for not being strong enough - they called themselves ‘true gospellers’ Influential advisors and members of the privy council like Francis Walsingham were puritans Puritanism was strong in many universities in London. They were generally very well educated They wrote pamphlets about their ideas, which challenged Elizabeth’s authority

Limited support: How were the Puritans a weak challenge to Elizabeth

Puritanism could not become widespread as it mostly involved self-study of the bible, and most people were illiterate They had unpopular views (e.g. they opposed the theatre, which most people enjoyed) They had no foreign support as all the strong nations such as Spain and France were Catholic

Divided: How were the Puritans a weak challenge to Elizabeth

Different groups wanted different things (e.g. Presbyterians wanted rid of bishops while separatists wanted to get rid of the church of england) Many puritans wanted to strengthen the church rather than replace it entirely