Head + Neck Anatomy

What are the two parts of the skull called?

• Neurocranium

• Viscerocranium

What is the function of the neurocranium?

Surround and protect the brain

How many bones make up the Neurocranium?

• 8 total

  • 2 paired (L + R)

  • 4 unpaired

What are the two paired bones of the neurocranium?

• Parietal

• Temporal

What are the 4 unpaired bones of the neurocranium?

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

What are the 2 major landmarks of the occipital bone?

• Foramen magnum

• Occipital condyles

What is the name of the hole in the occipital bone that allows the brain to meet the spinal cord?

Foramen magnum

What is the name of the bony landmarks where the skull forms a joint with vertebrae (C1)?

Occipital condyles

What region of the skull is the Viscerocranium?

Frontal aspect (facial bones)

How many bones make up the Viscerocranium?

• 15 total

  • 6 paired (L + R)

  • 3 unpaired

What are the paired bones of the Viscerocranium?

• Nasal

• Lacrimal

• Zygomatic

• Maxillary

• Palentine

• Inferior nasal conchae

What are the unpaired bones of the Viscerocranium?

• Ethmoid

• Mandible

• Vomer

What viscerocranial bone moves air through the nose + contains mucous membranes?

Inferior nasal conchae

What condition is caused by incorrect fusion of maxillary + nasal bones?

Cleft lip

What condition is caused by incorrect fusion of the palentine + nasal bones

Cleft palate

What type of joints are teeth and skull sutures?

Non-moveable/Fibrous

Where do neurocranial bones meet?

Skull sutures

What suture separates the frontal + parietal bones?

Coronal

What suture separates the L + R parietal bones?

Saggital

What suture separates the occipital + parietal bones?

Lambdoid

What suture separates the temporal + parietal bones?

Squamous

What point do the coronal + saggital sutures meet at?

Bregma

What point do the saggital + lambdoid sutures meet at?

Lambda

What is the name for the “soft spots” on a baby’s skull?

Fontanelles

What is the purpose of the Fontanelles?

Allow brain growth during development

Where is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) located?

Between the Condyle of the mandible + Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

What type(s) of joint is the TMJ?

• Hinge (elevation and depression)

• Gliding (protract and retract)

What is the name for the layers above the skull?

Scalp

What are the boundaries of the scalp?

Superior nuchal line of the occipital lobe ——> Supraorbital ridge of the frontal bone

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

• Skin

• Superficial connective tissue

• Aponeuroses

• Loose connective tissue

• Periosteum

What layer of the scalp holds pain receptors?

Periosteum

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Brain Stem

• Cerebellum

What major region of the brain is also known as the “center of integration?”

Cerebrum

What is the largest major region of the brain?

Cerebrum

What structure connects the L + R hemispheres of the Cerebrum?

Corpus callosum

What structure separates the L + R Cerebrum?

Longitudinal cerebral fissures

What major region of the brain is known as the “core?”

Diencephalon

What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon?

• Thalamus

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary gland

What structure is the sensory relay center of the brain?

Thalamus

What structure of the brain regulates homeostasis and the autonomic NS?

Hypothalamus

What structure connects the brain + spinal cord?

Brain stem

What are the 3 pieces of the brain stem?

• Medulla oblongata

• Pons

• Midbrain

What structure of the brain stem is responsible for regulating HR + breathing?

Medulla oblongata

What structure of the brain stem is responsible for regulating respiration rate?

Pons

What brain structure is also known as the “little brain?”

Cerebellum

What brain structure regulates rate, range, and force of movement?

Cerebellum

What structure connects the L + R cerebellum?

Vermis

What structure separates the L + R cerebellum?

Tentorum cerebelli

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Temporal

• Occipital

What is the strip of grey matter at the outer edge of the cerebrum called?

Cortex

What brain structure forms the sulci + gyri?

Cortex

What structure separates the frontal + parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

What structure is located in front of the central sulcus?

Pre-central gyrus

What structure is located behind the central sulcus?

Post-central gyrus

What structure is also known as the “primary motor cortex?”

Pre-central gyrus

What strucutre is also known as the “somatosensory cortex?”

Post-central gyrus

What is the neuron arrangement in the cortex that corresponds to different areas of the body?

Somatotopy

Larger body strucutre = _____ innervation

More

What is white matter composed of?

Myelinated axons

What is grey matter composed of?

Neuronal cell bodies

What structure has an OUTER layer of grey matter and an INNER layer of white matter?

Brain

What structure has an INNER layer of grey matter and an OUTER layer of white matter?

Spinal cord

What is the name of the grey “islands” inside the brain’s white matter?

Basal ganglia

Damage to what structure can cause Parkinson’s?

Basal ganglia

What are the 3 types of fibers in the brain’s white matter?

• Association fibers

• Commissural fibers

• Projection fibers

What is the function of association fibers?

Carry information throughout the brain within the same hemisphere

What is the function of commissural fibers?

Connect L + R hemispheres

What is the function of projection fibers?

Connects the brain + spinal cord

What structure is an example of commissural fibers?

Corpus callosum

What are the FILLED space of the skull called?

Cavities

What are the 5 cavities of the skull?

• Nasal

• Cranial

• Orbital

• Middle ear

• Oral

Which cavity contains mucous + mucous membranes?

Nasal

What structure separates the 2 nasal cavities?

Nasal septum

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

Nasal cavity

Which cavity contains the brain + CSF?

Cranial

Which cavity contains a foramen for neurovascular structures?

Cranial

Which cavity is also known as the eye socket?

Orbital

Which cavity contains the eyes, eye muscles, and fluid around the eye?

Orbital

Which cavity is also known as the Eustachian tube?

Middle ear

Which cavity contains tons of valves?

Middle ear

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

• Oral vestibule

• Oral cavity proper

What structure is located between the lips + teeth?

Oral vestibule

What structure is located behind the teeth?

Oral cavity proper

What muscle is held in the oral cavity?

Tongue

What are the AIR-FILLED spaces in the skull?

Sinuses

What structure do the skull sinuses communicate with?

Nasal cavity

Where is the frontal sinus located?

Superior to the eyes

Where is the sphenoid sinus located?

At the base of the skull

Where is the ethmoid sinus located?

Between eyes and nose

Where is the maxillary sinus located?

Inferior to the eyes

Which sinus is the largest?

Maxillary

What are the functions of the skull sinuses?

• Increase resonance of sound

• Temperature regulation

• Weight conservation

Which sinus do sinus infections most commonly begin in?

Maxillary sinus

What space of the brain allows for flow of CSF + nutrients?

Ventricles

What ventricle has L + R pieces?

Lateral ventricle

What structure connects the L + R lateral ventricles?

Septum pellicidium

Where do the lateral ventricles drain into?

Interventricular foramen

What space is located between the thalamus + hypothalamus?

3rd ventricle

Where does the 3rd ventricle drain into?

Cerebral aqueduct

What space is located between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum?

4th ventricle