Chapter 01: The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Flashcards covering foundational concepts of human anatomy, physiology, levels of body organization, organ systems, directional terms, body cavities, homeostatic feedback loops, and medical imaging techniques.

The branch of science that studies the form and structure of the body is known as __________.

Anatomy

The discipline that examines how the body functions is called __________.

Physiology

__________ is the division of microscopic anatomy that specializes in the study of body cells and their internal structure.

Cytology

The study of tissues and their cellular structures is referred to as __________.

Histology

Anatomical structures that are visible to the unaided eye are investigated in __________ anatomy.

Gross

The branch of gross anatomy known as __________ anatomy examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species.

Comparative

Developmental changes occurring from conception to birth are studied in __________.

Embryology

The subdiscipline of physiology that focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury is __________.

Pathophysiology

Metabolism consists of two main processes: __________, in which small molecules are joined to form larger ones, and catabolism, where large molecules are broken down.

Anabolism

In the human body's levels of organization, the __________ level sits directly between the tissue level and the organ system level.

Organ

Blood cell production, also known as __________, is a key function of the skeletal system.

hematopoiesis

In the standard anatomic position, the palms of the hands face __________.

anteriorly

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts is called a __________ plane.

Coronal

A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts is called a __________ plane.

Transverse

A vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves is called the __________ plane.

Midsagittal

The directional term __________ refers to a position closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.

Proximal

The human body is partitioned into two main regions: the __________ region (head, neck, trunk) and the appendicular region (upper and lower limbs).

Axial

The posterior aspect of the body cavity is completely encased in bone and is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the __________ canal.

Vertebral

The serous membrane layer that directly covers the external surface of internal organs is the __________ layer.

Visceral

The median space within the thoracic cavity that houses the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels is called the __________.

Mediastinum

In the nine-region model of the abdominopelvic cavity, the central region containing the navel is the __________ region.

Umbilical

In the four-quadrant system of the abdominopelvic cavity, the abbreviation RUQ stands for __________.

Right upper quadrant

In a homeostatic system, the structure that detects changes in a variable (stimulus) is called the __________.

Receptor

In a homeostatic mechanism, the __________ integrates input from the receptor and initiates changes through an effector.

Control center

In a __________ feedback loop, the resulting action moves the variable in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus.

Negative

During childbirth, nerve impulses from the cervix signal the hypothalamus to cause the pituitary gland to release the hormone __________, which reinforces uterine contractions.

Oxytocin

The normal clinical range for blood glucose in a healthy individual is __________.

$$80\text{ to }110\,\text{mg/dL}$$

Normal clinical ranges for homeostatic variables are determined by sampling healthy individuals, representing the values for __________% of the sampled population.

$$95$$

The medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves emitted from a transducer to view internal organs is __________.

Ultrasound

The medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field to align hydrogen atom protons and is superior for visualizing soft tissue is __________.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)