Geo Midterm

Demographic Transition stage 1

Birth Rate : High / Death Rate: High / Natural Increase : Stable or slow increase

Demographic Transition Model Stage 2

Birth Rate: High / Death Rate: Falls Rapidly / Natural Increase: Rapid Increase

Demographic Transition Model Stage 3

Birth Rate : Falling / Death Rate : Falls slower / Natural Increase: Increase Slows Down

Demographic Transition Model Stage 4

Birth Rate: Low / Death Rate: Low / Natural Increase: Falling and then stable

Demographic Transition Model Stage 5

Birth Rate : Falling / Death Rate : Low / Natural Increase : slow decline

Describe stage 1 Epidemiological Transition Model

Famine stage/ high death rate= low life expectancy/ Population can grow but its in small bursts and not sustained

Describe stage 2 Epidemiological Transition Model

Receding Pandemic Stage/ Increased life expectancy 30→50 = decreased death rate / (They figured out better medication, sanitation etc) / People are mainly dying in large numbers from pandemics

Describe stage 3 Epidemiological Transition Model

Degenerative and Human-created disease stage / Increased Life expectancy= low death rate / People are mainly dying from diseases of old age like heart disease or cancer rather than infectious diseases

Describe stage 4 Epidemiological Transition Model

Delayed Degenerative Disease Stage / Highest Life Expectancy / Infectious diseases from the third stage now have effective medical interventions

Describe stage 5 Epidemiological Transition Model

Re-emergence of Infectious Disease Stage / Decreased Life expectancy / Infectious Disease come back by developing an immunity to our drugs and antibiotics

Limitations of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Oversimplification of demographic change based ONLY on death rates and disease / Does not account for poverty as significant cause of spread of disease

Factors that affect population 

CLIMATE 

-landforms (easier to farm ppl dont choose top of mountain unless its mountains in equator)

- bodies of water (survival and trade etc) 

-culture

-economics 

-history 

-politics

Population Density vs. population distribution

population distribution tells you WHERE populations exist while density tells us HOW MANY people live in those place

Arithmetic Density

total population/ total land area  

(limitation: assumes all land is habitable but in real life it isn't)

Physiological density

total population divided by total amount of arable land (land used for agriculture) it shows how well a population can feed itself (the higher the number, more pressure for farms to produce food)

Agricultural Density

total farmers divided by total arable land (how labor intensive a place is) lower number=lower amount of farmers= more mechanization on farms 

How Density Number affects economic processes:

-census taken every decade to decide how representation in congress

-government decides where to allocate money  for infrastructure projects based on whether populations are growing or declining

How Density Number affects social processes: 

- cities tend to be safer and have better education opportunities

How Density Number affects the Environment:

-big cities LA, Delhi= pollution 

-climate and agricultural productivity affects the number of the carrying capacity (wealthy population tend to use more than needed) 

Population composition

Describes the demographic makeup of various populations 

Demographic

 Distinct and individual traits among people (income, level of education, age, gender)

Population composition is made up of

 1) Age structure -refers to cohorts (groups determined by age)  2)Sex Ratio- males to female  

Dependency Ratio

number of people in dependent age (younger than 15, older than 65)  / number of people in working age group x 100  

why is dependency ratio important to know

Dependency ratio is important to know because it tells us how much pressure the working age population carries to support others 

why is s*x ratio important to know

 S*x Ratio is important to know because it gives us insight on the gender equality and birth rate and regional s*x ratio 

Elements Geographers considering when studying trends in population:

 fertility rates, mortality rates, migration

Fertility rates:

 population ability to reproduce = gov wants to know so they can better allocate money and resources effectively 

→ Ways to measure fertility rates: crude birth rate and total fertility rate  

Crude birth rate

 number of live births per 1,000 ppl/yr (called crude because it's not the most accurate measure of fertility rate because it compares births to the entire population (men and women of all ages)

Total Fertility Rate:

measures average number of children one woman will have during her child bearing years (15-49 years old) more accurate because it only considers women who are capable of bearing children   

Replacement level fertility of total fertility rate

 2.1 because that's what you need to replace the parents

Mortality Rate:

 indication of population’s rate of deaths 

→ ways to measure Mortality Rate: 1) crude death rate 2) infant mortality rate 

Crude Death Rate:

number of deaths per 1000 people 

Infant Mortality Rate:

number of children who die before they reach 1 yrs old per 1000 live births 

Rate of Natural Increase:

 the crude birth rate - the crude death rate 

If more people are born than dying = high RNI

If RNI is lower or close to 0= population is stable 

If RNI is negative = population is declining 

Limitation of Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):

does not account for population growth or decline due to migration, only people being born and dying 

Doubling time

amount of time it will take for a population to double if current growth remains the same 

Growth/ Decline Factors:

1) Social and Culture 2) political 3) Economic 

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus wrote principle population made the following claims: food is necessary for life, passion between the sexes is constant, thought the more people multiple= the less food there is which means famines wars and plagues

New Tech to help sustain growing population:

mechanized farming and chemical fertilizers 

Critiques to Malthusian Theory:

growing population they will find a way to produce more food 

Industrial Revolution Population:

 1) Birth Rates were slowly increasing 2) death rates were falling sharply because new medicines were introduced that helped more ppl live longer

Anti-Natalist Policies can be either

Voluntary (there are incentives) or Coercive ( there are  punishments)

Immigration policies:

gov may allow/restrict more immigrants

Guest workers:

where immigrants from other country come to new country to work there

Women’s Status:

the level of equality between men and women that exists in a particular society 

Traditional Gender Roles:

more babies being born 

Egalitarian Gender Roles:

 less babies being born 

Ravensteins

studied why people migrate etc 

Ravenstein's 6th law:

women are more likely to migrate within their home country while men are more likely to migrate to other countries

 Aging population effect on politics

hey have more voting power because they vote more consistently and will vote in interest to the older population 

Aging population effect on social:

as aging population go to nursing homes = significant financial burden for families 

Aging population effect on economic:

dependency ratio 

Migration:

movement of people from one place to another 

Emigrating

leaving country 

Immigrant

arriving country

Obstacles and Opportunities Migrants face:

1) Intervening Obstacles -challenges they encounter, immigration policy (chinese exclusion act) 2) Intervening Opportunities -opportunities migrants encounter on their journey that may affect their ultimate destination 

Push and Pull factors

 1) cultural (mormons going to salt lake city), demographic (aging population need new ppl) economic (ppl migrate for work) environmental (hurricanes, climate is more desirable) political (oppressive dictator) 

cultural traits

food, architecture, land use,

attitudes toward cultural differences:

cultural relativism ; evaluating another culture by the cultures own standards (like a hug) ethnocentrisms evaluating another culture by a group’s own standards (like a punch)

cultural landscape

how people modify a physical landscape in a way that reflects their culture - agricultural and industrial practices/ religion- churchs, mosques etc / linguistic charcteristics - signs in different langauges / sequent occupence - cultural mark left from people who were there throughout history/ traditional and post modern aritecture

how people shape vlaues and cultural landscape

ethnicity, gender, presence of ethnic communities, idengenious communities

placemaking

process of ppl modifying the landscape to live in a place

sense of place

when people think about a place and fill it with meaning

sense of place examples

language -dialect/religion/ethnicity/

centripetal forces

brings ppl together

centrifugal forces

drives ppl apart

cultural diffusion

process by which cultural traits spreads from one place to another

cultural hearth

place where people of particular ethnic and cultural identities originate

2 types of diffusion

relocation diffusion - spread of cultural traits as people migrate/expansion diffusion -culutural trait spread but ppl remain

types of expanision diffusion

contagious - cultural trait spreading rapidly adjacent no regard to class, race etc/ hierarchical - trait starts with higher class and moves down / stimulus - stimulate creation of new trait

historical causes of diffusion

colonialism - powerful state est. settlements in other place/ imperialism - powerful state enacts policies in other place/ trade routes

effects of cultural diffusion

lingua franca - single language adopted by people of many different languages that facilitates communication / creolization - when 2 languages are combined to form a new, distinct language /

cultural convergence

as two cultures interact they adopt traits from each other (two cultures become more similar this happens more quickly with new tech and as time goes by)

cultural divergence

sees all the traits and still upholds traits form before (like amish ppl)

language family

share a common ancestoral langauge taht no longer exists

language branch

has similar grammar and syntax but speakers cannot understand languages from other branches

language dialects

spain spanish vs mexico spanish

caterogories of religions

universalizing religions- religions that appeal to wide variety of ppl

ethnic religions - dont spread as well because they are closely tied to ethnic groups

effects of cultural diffusion

acculturation - when ppl adopt some traits of another culture while simutaneously maintain their own cultural traits / assimilation - when people assume almost all the charcteristics of the culture around them (forced vs voluntary)/ syncretism- when 2 or more cultural traits blend together to create a new cultural trait/ multiculturalism- members of cultural dont fully assimilate but still maintian cultural identities