Test Review Chapters 6 and 7

What is the total number of bones in the foot?

26 bones

How many tarsals are in the foot?

7 tarsals

How many metatarsals are in the foot?

5 metatarsals

How many phalanges (digits or toes) are in the foot?

14 phalanges

What are the most distal bones of the foot?

The phalanges

What are the three parts of each metatarsal?

Base is proximal end, body, and head is distal end

What are sesamoid bones?

Bones embedded within a tendon, commonly found in the foot.

Name the seven tarsal bones.

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral).

What is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?

Calcaneus

What is the second largest tarsal bone?

Talus

What is the definition of the navicular bone?

A flattened, oval bone located on the medial side of the foot, tarsal bone located between the talus and the cuneiforms.

What are the three cuneiform bones?

Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.

What does the term 'cuneiform' mean?

Wedge-shaped.

The calcaneus articulates with?

cuboid and talus

The talus articulates with?

tibia and fibula, calcaneus, and navicular

The navicular articulates with?

talus, cuboid, and three cuneiforms

The medial cuneiform articulates with?

Navicular, first and second metatarsals, and intermediate cuneiform

The intermediate cuneiform articulates with?

Navicular, second metatarsal, medial and lateral cuneiform

The lateral cuneiform articulates with?

Navicular, second, third, and fourth metatarsals, intermediate cuneiform, and cuboid

The cuboid articulates with?

calcaneus, lateral cuneiform, navicular, and fourth and fifth metatarsals

What forms the ankle joint?

The tibia, fibula, and talus.

What is the transverse arch primarily made up of?

the three cuneiforms and the cuboid

What is the definition of the lateral and medial malleolus?

The bony protrusions on either side of the ankle, formed by the fibula (lateral) and tibia (medial).

What is the deep socket formed by the inferior portions of the tibia and fibula called?

The ankle mortise.

What two bones make up the lower leg?

Tibia and fibula.

Which bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?

Tibia.

What are the two large processes that make up the medial and lateral aspects of the proximal tibia?

Medial and lateral condyles.

What bone is located laterally and posteriorly to the tibia?

Fibula.

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

Patella.

Define the patellar surface.

The smooth, shallow, triangular depression at the distal portion of the anterior femur that extends up under the lower part of the patella.

What is the intercondylar sulcus/trochlear groove?

A depression or groove between the condyles of the femur that accommodates the patella.

What is the popliteal surface?

The posterior surface of the distal femur just proximal to the intercondylar fossa

What is the patella?

Is a flat triangular bone approximately 2 inches in diameter.

What are the motions of the foot?

inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion

What is inversion?

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

What is eversion?

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

What is dorsiflexion?

flexing the foot and toes upward

What is plantar flexion?

moving the sole of the foot downward

What type of movement does interphalangeal joints have?

Ginglymus (hinge)

What type of movement does metatarsophalangeal joint have?

Modified ellipsoidal (condyloid)

What type of movement does tarsometatarsal joints have?

Plane (gliding)

What type of movement does intertarsal joints have?

Plane (gliding)

What type of movement does the ankle joint have?

Saddle (sellar)

What type of movement does knee joints femorotibial have?

Bicondylar

What type of movement does knee joints patellofemoral have?

Saddle (sellar)

What type of movement does proximal tibiofibular joint have?

Plane (gliding)

All joints of lower limb are classified as

Synovial

All joints of lower limb have the mobility type of

Diarthrodial

The distal tibiofibular is classified as?

Fibrous

The distal tibiofibular joint has the mobility type of?

Amphiarthrodial

What is a bone cyst?

benign, neoplastic bone lesions filled with clear fluid

What are chondromalacia patellae?

Aka Runner's knee, softening of cartilage under patella, which results in erosion of cartilage

What are chondrosarcomas?

malignant tumors of cartilage that occurs in pelvis and long bones of men older than 45

What is enchondroma?

Benign tumor consisting of cartilage often found in hands and feet of adolescents and young adults

What is Ewing sarcoma?

primary malignant bone tumor that arises from bone marrow in children and young adults

What is Exostosis (osteochondroma)?

A benign, neoplastic bone lesion caused by consolidated overproduction of bone at a joint (usually the knee)

What are fractures?

are breaks in the structure of bone caused by a force (direct or indirect)

What is gout?

Form of arthritis that may be hereditary in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and deposited in joints or other tissues, common in the first MTP joint

What is joint effusions?

Occur as accumulated fluid in the joint cavity.

What is Lisfranc ligament?

Range from sprains to fracture-dislocations of the bases of the first and second metatarsals

What is multiple myeloma?

The most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor, x-rays looks "punched out"

What is Osgood- Schlatter disease?

Involves inflammation of the bone and cartilage of the anterior proximal tibia, most common in boys 10-15 years.

What is osteoarthritis?

AKA degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a noninflammatory joint disease (enlargement or overgrown) bone formation

What is osteoclastomas (giant cell tumors)?

Benign lesions that occur in long bones of young adults usually occur in proximal tibia or distal femur appear as large "bubbles" on x-rays

What are osteogenic sarcomas (osteosarcomas)?

highly malignant primary bone tumors that occur from childhood to young adults

What are osteoid osteomas?

Benign bone lesions that usually occur in teenagers or young adults

What is osteomalacia (rickets)?

means "bone softening" cause by lack of bone mineralization secondary to a deficiency of calcium, phosphorous, or vitamin D

What is Paget disease (osteitis deformans)?

One of the most common diseases of the skeleton. It is a nonneoplastic bone disease that disrupts new bone growth, resulting in overproduction of dense yet soft bone.

What is Reiter syndrome?

affects the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, erosion at the Achillies tendon insertion on the posterosuperior margin of the calcaneus

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

The femur

The proximal femur consists of four essential parts

Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters

Define fovea capitis

head of femur contains a depression, or pit, near its center

Define greater trochanter

A large prominence located superiorly and laterally to the femoral shaft and is palpable as a bony landmark

what is the lesser trochanter?

Is a smaller, blunt, conical eminence that projects medially and posteriorly from the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur

What is the intertrochanteric crest?

The trochanters are joints posteriorly by a thick ridge

What is the angle of the femoral neck to the shaft on an average adult?

125 degrees with a variance of 15 +_ degrees

The pelvis consists of what 4 bones?

two hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

Each hip bone is composed of what 3 divisions?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

A deep, cup-shaped cavity that accepts the head of the femur to form the hip joint is called?

The acetabulum

Part of the hip bone that lies inferior and posterior to the acetabulum, which is divided into a body and a ramus?

The ischium

What is the evidence of a hip fracture?

external rotation of the involved foot, where the lesser trochanter is clearly visualized in profile

What is the difference between a true pelvis and a false pelvis?

The true pelvis is the lower part of the pelvis that contains the pelvic cavity, while the false pelvis is the upper part that supports the abdominal organs.

What are the four common shapes of the human pelvic inlet?

Gynecoid (round), platypelloid (wider right to left), android (heart-shaped), anthropoid (wider anterior to posterior).

What is the general shape (shape of pelvic inlet) of males?

Narrow, deeper, less flared. Pelvic inlet is more oval or heart shaped (anthropoid or android)

What is the general shape (shape of pelvic inlet) of females?

Wider, more shallow, more flared. Pelvic inlet rounder (gynecoid or platypelloid)

What is the angle of the pubic arch of males?

narrower angle 50-60 degrees

What is the angle of pubic arch for females?

Wider angle 80-85 degrees

Where are the ischial spines for a male?

more protrusion into pelvic inlet (or cavity)

Where are the ischial spines for female?

Less protrusion into pelvic inlet

What is sacroiliac joint classified as?

synovial

What mobility type is sacroiliac joint?

Limited movement

What movement type is sacroiliac joint?

irregular gliding

What classification is symphysis pubis?

cartilaginous

What mobility type is symphysis pubis?

amphiarthrodial

What movement type is symphysis pubis?

limited

What classification is union of acetabulum?

cartilaginous

What mobility type is union of acetabulum?

synarthrodial (for adults)

What movement type is union of acetabulum?

nonmovable

What classification is hip joint?

synovial

What mobility type is hip joint?

diarthrodial