ap euro unit one study guide part 1

extra things to note

creator of the printing press

Johannes Gutenberg

names of the Italian city-states

Venice, Milan, Florence, Rome (Papal States)

Pope Julius II’s role during the Renaissance

• worldly

• one of the great patrons of the age

• seemed to love power more than the Faith

father of Humanism

Petrarch

three things Christian Humanists focused on

• early Christian teachings (Holy Scriptures and writings of the Church fathers)

• education of Christian and classical ideas (reform program of the church and society)

• supported schools

• translated early versions of the Bible (the Vulgate Bible)

the Dutch Monk who was considered the leader of Christian Humanism

Erasmus of Rotterdam

New Monarchs (name and country they ruled)

• King John I of Portugal

• King Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I of England

• King Charles VII, Louis XII, Francis I of France

• King Ferdinand II, and Queen Isabella I of Spain

the name of the Spanish Monarchs who completed the Reconquista in 1492

King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile

most common cause of death for women during this time period

childbirth

accomplishments of Battista S’forza and Isabella D’Este

• Battista S’forza (daughter of the Duke of Milan) married the Duke of Urbino and they ran one of the most glamorous courts in Italy

• Isabella D’Este (came from one of the richest and most powerful families in all of Italy, had an outstanding Humanist education) married the Duke of Mantua. Her husband was taken hostage by Venice, but she refused to pay a ransom for his return and ruled Mantua alone (very well) for years

three primary motives of exploration

Gold, God, Glory

nation which was the leader in conquering Africa during the age of exploration

Portugal

The Spanish conquistador who discovered the Aztecs in the 1520s

Hernando Cortes

list at least 2 tools of navigation

backstaff/astrolabe/sextant, compass, portolani, etc

impact of the potato on European life

increased source of nutrition/caloric intake, which transformed the European diet and led to a population boom

accomplishments of Vasco Da Gama

• led a two-year mission to sail around Africa all the way to Asia

• successfully returned to Lisbon in 1499

• earned enough money to become rich

role of D’ Albuquerque played during the age of exploration

a Portuguese soldier who conquered his Arab rivals and established Portuguese bases in India and the Spice Islands at Malacca

pros and cons of the Encomienda

pros:

• Indians were baptized as Catholics

• Indians were supposedly paid for their work

• Spanish soldiers received large grants of land and control (Spanish dominance)

• provided the Spanish empire with wealth and economic growth

cons:

• Spanish conquerors did not honor the expectations

• Indians were brutalized and treated as virtual slaves

• native populations were decimated

• triggered the slave trade

define textile

of, or pertaining to cloth, or the production of cloth

• Florence specialized in the production of fine textiles, especially woolens