Production of unspecialized cells following fertilization and their development into specialized cells by differentiation

B2.3.1

Fertilization

A multi step process in which a sperm and fuse to form a single cell called a zygote. Occurs in sexually reproducing organisms that produce haploid gametes

Embryo

Zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo composed of genetically identical cells

What are the cells in the zygote and embryo?

Unspecialized stem cells. However, as they divide more in the embryo stage, they begin to specialize into different forms and structures

Cell specialization

allows cells to perform a function with increased efficiency.

a) they can develop into specific shapes and sizes

b)cells can create proteins needed to carry out specific metabolic reactions

Differentiation

the development of specialized structures and functions in cells

Gene expression

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Morphogens

Gradients of signaling molecules that impact gene expression and as a result, the differentiation of a cell. Morphogens direct cell fate decisions in a concentration-dependent matter.

What do morphogens control?

Proliferation, Differentiation and patterning during embryonic development to orchestrate the the formation of tissues and organs

Retinoic acid

a morphogen that diffuses throughout the embryo, switching genes on and off and imparting different cell fates depending on its concentration