exphys final

glycolysis is

breakdown of glucose

each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis results in how many pyruvate

two

during the kreb cycle

acetyl Co-A is broken down to create ATP, NADH, and FADH2

within the electron transport chain

electrons are dropped off from NADH and FADH, and ATP is created

if anaerobic glycolysis starts with glycogen

1 additional net ATP is formed

how many total ATP are produced from a glucose molecule

32

conversion of pyruvate to lactate during exercise

allows for glycolysis to continue by freeing up NAD

as exercise intensity increases, contribution of ATP from fats increases

false

one benefit of endurance training is improvement in mitochondrial function that allows for

greater fat oxidation at any given intensity

which protein binds with the myosin head to form the cross bridge during a muscle contraction

actin

where is ATP required during a muscle contraction

releasing myosin heads from actin, and pumping Ca back into SR

increasing force production is done through increasing motor unit recruitment in which the largest motor units are recruited first

false

how quickly a muscle can become activated and relax is largely dependent on

rate at which Ca is released and pumped back into SR

why is force production decreased at longer sarcomere lengths

reduced overlap between tropomyosin and troponin

since max force is produced during isometric contractions, max power is also produced during isometric contractions

false

which fibers likely have higher mitochondrial denisty

type 1

which fibers can generate more force

type iix

what is resting membrane potential

voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuron

resting membrane potential is maintained around -70mV due to what

pumps that maintain specific concentrations of various ions inside and outside the cell

during depolarization the membrane potential approaches zero

true

during depolarization there is an ____ of Na2 and during repolarization an ____ of K+

influx, efflux

which allows neurons to transmit from one to the next

ACh

the sodium channels are open during the absolute refractory period and cannot open more to allow another potential to occur

true

the relative refractory period occurs during the

repolarization phase

which system is responsible for the stimulation of skeletal muscle activity

somatic

golgi tendon organs are sensitive to tension in the muscle

false

the RER for one molecule of glucose is

1.0

which of the following is NOT a way to estimate energy expenditure

isotopes

O2 consumed>O2 demand early in recovery is called

excess postexercise O2 consumption

if 2 athletes have the same VO2 max, but athlete A has a LT of 70% and athlete B has a LT of 80%, which will have the better endurance performance

Athlete B

the endocrine system operates on ____ communication

chemical

which type of hormones are derived from cholesterol

steroid

an increase in the number of receptors during high plasma concentration is called

upregulation

non-steroid hormones can cross the cell membrane

false

which of the following glands is NOT directly responsible for metabolic regulation

hypothalamus

at the immediate onset of exercise, plasma concentrations of the following hormones increase EXCEPT:

cortisol

an increase in epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, GH, and a decrease in insulin stimulates…

lipolysis

hormones that correct fluid balances are produced by the posterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and ___

kidneys

adipose is an endocrine organ and releases leptin

true

the cardiovascular system is responsible for

delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste products, acid-base balance, temperature and fluid regulation

the thick muscular layer of the heart wall is the

myocardium

the right side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

false

what is the main pacemaker of the heart

SA node

activation of the sympathetic system results in

increase HR, increase SV

stroke volume =

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

sympathetic activation will increase as an individual goes from rest to intense exercise. that will result in an increase in CO and ___

vasoconstriction

what is functional sympatholysis

breakdown of sympathetic vasoconstriction in the active muscles

what contributes to HR responses during exercise

baroreceptors, exercise pressor reflex, central command, bainbridge reflex

A-VO2 difference is a variable that indicates

the ability of the tissue to extract oxygen from the blood

elite endurance athletes have higher VO2 max compared to moderately trained and sedentary individuals this is mainly due to

greater SV

cardiovascular drift is

the slow decrease in SV and increase in HR with continued exercise

boyles law states

as pressure decreases volume increases, and as pressure increases volume decreases

activating muscles to expand the ribcage results in a

decrease in pressure within the lungs

the rate of gas diffusion from the lungs to the blood depend on

surface area, thickness of membrane, and pressure difference

if the barometric pressure is 740mmHg and the % O2 in the air is 20.93, what is the partial pressure of oxygen

740 x .2093

typically the RBC transit time around the alveoli is long enough to become to become fully saturated with oxygen. this may not be true in __

highly trained athletes at max exercise, individuals with COPD, exercise at altitude

the drop in O2 saturation is the primary stimulus for increased ventilation

false

ventilatory threshold is a greater rise in ventilation due to

excess CO2 production to help prevent a drop in blood pH

“muscular power” takes into account what factor that “muscle force” does not

muscle shortening velocity

how many reps should be included if the goal was to gain muscle power and strength but not muscle size

less than 6

which of the following are used to set tempo paces for endurance athletes

ventilatory threshold, lactate threshold, critical power

which is not an adaptation to endurance exercise

greater max HR

O2 consumption during submaximal exercise decreases with exercise training

false

the increase in capillary density, mitochondrial density and oxidative enzymes with aerobic training

allows for greater fat oxidation during exercise

the initial increase in strength achieved at the onset of a resistance program is due to greater neural activation

true

the increase in neural drive at the onset of a resistance training program includes

increased frequency of neural discharge to recruited motor units, and increased motor unit recruitment

cross education refers to

increase in muscle strength in the non-exercised (contralateral) limb

increase in muscle cross sectional area is more likely due to fiber hypertrophy rather than fiber hyperplasia

true

muscle atrophy results from

protein breakdown > protein synthesis

muscle fibers will change to other fiber types based on aerobic or resistance training

false