FORENSIC 4 QUESTION DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

DOCUMENT

Containing marks, symbols, or sign, convey a meaning to someone.

• latin “documentum” means “leson” or “example”

• French “docere” means to “teach”

QUESTION

An issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny→ (careful examination)

QUESTION DOCUMENT

Respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin

• The document under scrutiny→ carefule examination

QUESTION DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

To provide evidence about suspicious or question documents

“KINDS OF DOCUMENT”

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

• Executed with the assistance of a notary public

• except last will and testament

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT

Issued by the government or its agents or its officers

PRIVATE DOCUMENT

Executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public

COMMERICIAL DOCUMENT

Executed in accordance with the code of commerce or any mercantile law (in short bussiness)

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT

Data stored on a computer

“OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS IN QDE”

DISPUTED DOCUMENTS

Argument or controversy

STANDARD DOCUMENT

Consist of the known handwriting of a person (GENUINE DOCUMENT)

EXEMPLAR

Known material same as STANDARD

HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT

Signed by one person

ADDITION

Any matter made part of the document after its original (may dinagdag)

ALTERATION

Refers to any change in the writing

CANCELLATION

Strike out or scratched out afters its original (horizontal line)

CONCLUSION

Resulting from the facts observed (opinion)

ERASURE

Removal of writings

• CHEMICAL ERASURES - remove by bleaching

• MECHANICAL ERASURES - abrasive erasure

INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION

Addition of writing between lines or paragraphs

IDENTIFICATION

State of being identical or absolutely same as in similarity of source or authorship of the question focument and the standard

NON-IDENTIFICATION

Compared question and standard specimens are different

OBLITERATION

Shearing over the writing to make the original invisible

CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION

Detection of forgery

HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS

Focused in determining the autgor of writing

REQUEST

Shall be based on written request

STANDARD SPECIMEN

The standard collected or requested should be suffient and observance of similarity of subject matters

“SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN QDE (ACE-V)”

ANALYSIS

Recognition

COMPARISON

Determine similarity

EVALUATION

Conclusion based on the result of the comparison

VERIFICATION

Re-examination to verify the correctness of the results

• conduct by ( SENIOR DOCUMENT EXAMINER )

PRECISION

Consistency

ACCURACY

Correctness

“INSTRUMENT AND APPARATUS USED IN QDE”

MAGNIFYING LENS

Used for initial inspection of the question document

SHADOWGRAPH

Casting a shadow, Ideal for viewing impression found on the paper surface

STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE

To see the object from slightly different angles

MEASURE AND TEST PLATES

Use for signature and type writings

TABLE WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (GOOSENECK LAMPS)

Use for controlled lightning

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET

Used for examining watermarks, erasures, and patching

UV LAMP

Detection of counterfeited bills or to detect security features

INFRARED VIEWER

Primarily used to decipher (interpret) writings in a charred documents

COMPARISON MICROSCOPE

Used for simultaneous viewing

ESDA (ELECTROSTATIC DETECTOR APPARATUS)

Detect indented impression (indented writing only)

VSC (VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATORS)

• Can used different photographic rays for the examination of the document

• The most important instrument for document examination

“TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS”

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

To detect retouching, patching, and unnatural pen lift

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

• Determine the presence of erasure (mechanical)

• Used in the detection of watermarks

OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION

DECIPHERMENT (INTERPRET) OF FADED WRITING, DETERMINATION OF OUTLINES IN TRACED FORGERY, EMBOSSED IMPRESSION (GENERALLY USE FOR IMPRESSION)

OBLIQUE MEANS →VERY LOW ANGLE LIGHT

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

Actual observations are recorded in photographs

ULTRA - VIOLET EXAMINATION

Used for detection of counterfeited bills

INFRARED EXAMINATION

This examination of documents employs invisible radiation

“HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION”

HANDWRITING

• Result of a very complicated series of act

• “Visible Speech”

CURSIVE

Connected writing

SCRIPT

Seperated writings or printed writing

BLOCK

All capital letters

BASIS OF HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

Unconscious expression or fixed muscular habit

WRITING HABITS

Repeated elements on one’s handwriting

VARIATION IN HANDWRITING

• Differences in one’s handwritings

• The greater the skill in the art of penmanship, the less the variations there will be

TWO BASIC TENETS OF HANDWRITING COMPARISON

INTER-WRITER VARIABILITY - no two people write alike

INTRA-WRITER VARIABILITY - no person write exactly the same way twice

IMPORTANCE IN VARIATION

Certain normal divergence in size, lateral spacing, and proportions actually indicates GENUINENESS

meaning kapag may variation sulat mo guinuine

CHARACTERISTICS IN HANDWRITING

• CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - shared by a group of specimens

• INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS - unlikely to occular in another person’s handwriting

“STROKE CHARACTERISTICS

PEN PRESSURE

Average pressured applied

PEN EMPHASIS

Forcing the pen against the paper surface with an increase in speed (bilis ng sulat)

RHYTHM

Harmonious balance, regularity and flow of handwriting produced by the natural movement of the writer's hand.

SKILLS

Degree of writing proficiency

SPEED

If lines are THICK, the manner of execution is SLOW. If the lines or strokes are THIN, the manner of execution is FAST

PEN-LIFT

Interruption of strokes, sudden removal of the writing

FORM

Shape or design of individual letters

SLOPE OR SLANT

Angle of inclination of the axis of letters

PROPORTION

Height of one letter to another letter

RATIO

Relation between the tall and short letter

CONNECTING STROKES

Connects a letter

HIATUS/PEN JUMP

Gaps between strokes due to speed of writing

Shading

Increase in the width of the letter stroke

PEN POSITION

Location or position of the pen in relation to the paper

PEN SCOPE

Reach of the hand with the wrist at rest

RETRACING OR RETRACED

Goes back over another writing stroke

RETOUCHING OR PATCHING

To repair or to correct an error

LINE QUALITY

The basic movement and manner of holding the writing instrument.

ALLIGNMENT

Baseline

ARC

Rounder unner part of an upper curve ex. “n” yung ilalim ng kurba

BEARD

Up and down stroke

BLUNT

Magaspang abrupt beginning

BUCKLE KNOT

Horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letter Ex. “t” yung horizontal line sa gitna

EYELET/ EYE LOOPS

Small oblong strokes

HITCH

Backward strokes

HUMPS

Outer portion of an upper curve

KNOB

Tiny pool of ink

BASELINE

Imaginary line

DIACRITIC

Element to complete certain letter Ex “i,j”

Ung tuldok sa taas

THE AMOUNT OF STANDARD WRITTEN

HAND PRINTED DOCUMENTS

• 4 or 5 pages (Hilton)

• At least five (5) (PNP-FG)

QUESTIONED SIGNATURES

• Between 15 and 20 (Hilton)

• At least 8 (PNP-FG)

RELATIVE DATES

Must be those written five (5) years BEFORE or five (5) AFTER the date of execution

SIGNATURE

Sign of acknowlegement

EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE

Signed at a particular time and place under particular conditions

FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE

Forge signature