exam 1

Great individuals, Zeitgeist, historical development

3 approaches to study

rationalism

we can use logic and mental thought process (plato and descartes)

science

empiricism and rationalism

determinism

things happen for causes

behavior is determined

Kuhns paradigmatic development

preparadigmatic stage during which a number of competing viewpoints exist

paradigmatic stage, during which the puzzle-solving activity called normal science occurs

revolutionary stage, during which an existing paradigm is displaced by another paradigm

Description, correlation, experiments

correlation predict

description define

experiment test

thales

Often called the first philosopher because he emphasized natural instead of supernatural explanations of things. By encouraging the critical evaluation of his ideas and those of others, he is thought to have started the Golden Age of Greek philosophy. He believed water to be the primary element from which everything else was derived.

parmenides

believed that all change was an illusion. There is only one reality; it is finite, uniform, motionless, and fixed and can be understood only through reason. knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience provides only illusion. __ supported his position with logi

zeno

disciple of Parmenides, used logical demonstrations to show that change was an illusion. Imagine an archer firing at a target. He said that for an arrow to go from the bow (point A) to the target (point B), it must first go half the distance between A and B. Then it must go half the remaining distance, then half of that distance, and so on, never reaching the target since some halfable distance always remains

empedocles

suggested four elements from which everything in the world is made: earth, fire, air, and water

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and two powers love and strife

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pythagorean principles

postulated that the basic explanation (the logos; as in logical structure) for everything in the universe was found in numbers and in numerical relationships (ratios; as in rationality

dualistic universe

democritus

considered the last of the early Greek cosmologists

said that all things are made of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms (from the Greek atomos, meaning “indivisible”)

sophism

were professional teachers of rhetoric and logic who believed that truth was relative, and therefore no single “Truth” was thought to exist

Socrates

taught by asking questions and shaping answers, answers were innate, dualist

Plato

student of socrates, writings divided two prepost socrates death

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aristotle

formal cause being pulled by outcome

active reason:The abstraction of principles, or essences, from synthesized experience

sensation/perception/learning,memory

stoics

go along

neutal outlook on good or bad days

no emphasis on material things

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cynics

natural life

distrust reason

St Paul

used logic and reason, claimed jesus was son of god

St augustine

christian philosopher had a wife, belief in god based on faith alone, confessions

dark ages in europe

plague, roman empire sacked, muslim world flourish with science

avicenna

a child prodigy who had memorized the Koran by the age of 10.

aquinas

start scholastic movement used faith and reason

ocaam razor

This belief that extraneous assumptions should be “shaved” from explanations or arguments

abelard

nomalism just because you name something doesnt mean its real

martin luther

start reformation, translate bible

Anselm

one of the first Christian theologians to attempt to use logic to support religious belief

Galileo

used deduction, human senses give seconary information, psych not a science

Bacon

used induction, gather lots of data

Renaissance

movement of rebirth, humanistic, individualistic, we are unique and special

Copernicus

believe earth went around sun

newton

deism didnt like sceince disrupt relationship with god it instead enhanced it

descartes

dualist, knowledge within