719 Quiz #2

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy vs Shame

Initiatives vs Guilt

Industry vs Inferiority

Identity vs Role Confusion

Intimacy vs Isolation

Generativity vs Stagnation

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Erik Erikson’s Stages explained…

Trust vs Mistrust, birth-18 months, building trust is based on caregivers which can influence attachment style down the line and how they trust others

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt, 18 months-3 years, during this time kids gain autonomy with things such as the bathroom, shame and doubt may develop if a child does not receive enough autonomy or choice

Initiative vs Guilt, 3-5 years old, children play and direct their social environment, those who do not develop well have guilt, self-doubt, and a lack of initiative, a sense of purpose begins to develop

Industry vs Inferiority, 6-11 years old, social interactions develop pride in their work, failure at this stage leads to feelings of inferiority

Identity vs Confusion, 12-18 years old, here teens develop a sense of identity and self, failure leads to feeling insecure and confused about themselves and their future, completing this successfully leads to living life by societies standards

Intimacy vs Isolation, 18-40 years old, adults need to form loving relationships with others, failure leads to loneliness and isolation

Generativity vs Stagnation, 40-65 years old, adults need to create or nurture something that will outlive them, can be children or making a positive change, failure results in shallow investment in the world and feel unproductive/uninvolved in the world

Integrity vs Despair, 65+ years old, people reflect on their life and either feel fulfilled or despair about what they did or didn’t do

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial stages critiques

Erikson’s stages do not detail how someone can resolve their conflicts and move from one stage to the next, specific experiences needed to move to the next step are not detailed well

GAD Information

-Symptoms of GAD include intense and pervasive worry, exaggerated beliefs of negative events, impairment in quality of life, greater health care use, perceive more social threats, and have social dysfunction

-To treat GAD, CBT is the gold standard, philosophically though you must first disarm the reinforcing nature that anxiety has (if I worry and something bad doesn’t happen then I magically did it), treatment includes self-monitoring skills, emotional processing, applied relaxation

-“CBT targets each of the aforementioned response systems, and interventions include self-monitoring, stimulus control, relaxation, self-control desensitization, and cognitive therapy”

-Common onset is from 31-39 years old and is a chronic condition

-Medications to be prescribed include benzodiazepines, Buspirone, tricyclic antidepressants

-Common Comorbidities include Major Depressive Disorder and Panic Disorder

-Causes of GAD include a fun mix of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors

Anxiety Disorders Information

Anxiety disorders share certain features like avoidance behaviors and uncalled for fear relative to the situation, impaired regulatory behaviors that often act to exclude or isolate the person, distorted thoughts, fight/flight physiological reactions. CBT is gold standard for treatment, meds include SNRI’s, SSRI’s, tricyclic Antidepressants, and benzodiazepines

Panic Disorder Info

-recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are followed by at least 1 month of fear about future panic attacks, concern about the consequences of the attacks, or changes in behavior related to the attacks.

-The Panic attack itself must include a period of intense discomfort and/or fear that rises to a peak within minutes. Symptoms include palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; sweating; trembling or shaking; sensations of shortness of breath or smothering; feeling of choking; chest pain or discomfort; nausea or abdominal distress; feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint; chills or heat sensations; paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations); derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself); fear of losing control or going crazy; fear of dying

Social Anxiety Disorder

consistently experience anxiety when confronted with social and/or performance situations, and this disproportionate anxiety typically lasts for at least 6 months

Specific Phobias

-disproportionate and persistent fear toward a particular object or situation that typically lasts at least 6 months, specific phobia must almost always evoke an extreme and immediate fear reaction. Furthermore, the phobic target must be avoided or endured with severe distress and result in some impairment in functioning

Criticisms of the DSM for anxiety disorders..

The fact that panic attacks can occur across multiple anxiety problems beyond panic disorder can make it difficult to differentiate whether panic attacks occur in the context of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, or specific phobia.

Hoffman Article Summary

• Focuses on how different cultures manifest specific anxiety symptoms and how culture can wildly influence if a person presents for an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5TR 

• White people were more likely to have an anxiety disorder, Black people were more likely to have PTSD, and Asian Americans were least likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety or PTSD disorder, Hispanics fell somewhere in the middle 

• Ethnophysiology/ethnopsychology factors arise from ideas about bodily systems or symptoms, including psychological signs, whereas contextual factors relate to the social context and norms that govern the social structure.

• With Americans, they often see chest tightness from panic attacks as a heart attack, while Cambodians focus more on ‘inner wind’ and blood flow so a panic attack is deemed a ‘wind attack’ and so inner wind can be closely tied to sensations in the neck as they believe it is caused by excess wind and so neck-focused panic attacks exist in the Cambodian culture. In Chinese culture, anxiety is often seen as more linked to organ dysfunction 

• In Japanese/Korean cultures, TKS is a type of social anxiety that makes the person worried about embarrassing or offending another person

• In Puerto Rico/Dominican countries, ataque de nervios where a person fears dying from bodily symptoms or losing control and hurting themselves and others, this state is often brought on by distressing events like loss of a loved one 

• “In some countries, especially in Asia, South America, the Pacific Islands, and Southern European, social rules are highly valued and are fairly strict. Individual feelings and thoughts more directly determine behavior in individualistic cultures, whereas harmony within the group is the highest priority in collectivistic cultures. In case members of those groups deviate from these social rules, they face sanctions that are associated with life satisfaction”

The Cognitive Model’s Survival System is…

Cognitive

Behavioral

Affective

Motivational

*How we process information is vital for survival

Cognitive Triad for Depression includes..

A negative view of Self, Future, and World

Cognitive Case Conceptualization