UW-Madison Abnormal Psych 405 Exam 2

1. Commonly reported compulsions include all of the following EXCEPT

a. pursuing cleanliness and orderliness by requesting help from others.

b. performing repetitive, magical protective acts.

c. repetitive checking to ensure that certain act is carried out.

d. engaging in elaborate rituals.

a. pursuing cleanliness and orderliness by requesting help from others.

Beta Amyloid (AB) hypothesis

AB-related toxicity is the main cause of the synaptic dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration which forms the basis of Alzheimer dementia progression

Cognitive reserve

the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Trichotillomania

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair

Excoriation disorder

Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions

overprotective parents

encourage anxiety and distress

Thwarted Belongingness

"I have no connection to others and those previously meaningful relationships that I did have been strained beyond recovery or lost outright." loneliness, absence of reciprocal care

thanatos

death instinct

second-generation antidepressants

SSRIs and SNRIs

The Saint Louis University Mental Status test

SLUMS; assessment tool for mild cognitive impairment and dementia

prepared learning

learning that occurs without extensive training because of an evolved predisposition to the behavior

MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination)

widely used test of cognitive function among the elderly; It is not used for diagnostics. It measures orientation, registration, attention and calculation, short-term recall, language, and visuospatial function

locus coeruleus

A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

the outer and upper areas of the front of the brain, important for skills such as planning ahead and controlling impulses

anxiety sensitivity

a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful

biological challenge test

a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

social skills training

a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

participant modeling

technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

covert desensitization

client imagines the fear-inducing stimuli

fear hierarchy

a list of fears, arranged from least fearful to most fearful, for use in systematic desensitization

preparedness

a predisposition to develop certain fears

Confederate

a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

sedative-hypnotic drugs

drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses

family pedigree study

a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

acceptance and commitment therapy

become aware of thoughts, accept them as mere events of the mind, in return less influenced by anxiety causing less anxiety driven behaviors

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns

Rational Emotive Therapy

A Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis' theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors; therefore, changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave.

intolerance of uncertainty theory

Certain individuals consider it unacceptable that negative events may occur, even if the possibility is very small; they worry in an effort to find "correct" solutions; biological, genetic, linked to childhood

avoidance theory

Developed by Borkovec; holds that worrying serves a "positive" function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal

meta-worries

worry about worrying

metacognitive theory

Developed by Wells; suggests that the most problematic assumptions in GAD are the individual's worry about worrying (meta-worry); people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

basic irrational assumptions

the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

conditions of worth

the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others

object relations theory

the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

2. The compulsive need to acquire objects and the inability to discard any objects is known as

hoarding disorder

3. The fear circuit that is particularly important in explaining panic disorder is called the

limbic system

4. Which of the following disorders is most likely to be comorbid with an anxiety disorder?

a. personality disorder

b. obsessive compulsive related disorder

c. depression

d. substance use related disorder

c. depression

Treatment of acute stress disorder is

a. unnecessary, as most people recover anyway with time.

b. dangerous, as reliving the event increases the trauma.

c. important, as it reduces the risk of developing PTSD.

d. difficult, as it is hard to recreate the original trauma.

c. important, as it reduces the risk of developing PTSD.

6. Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD?

a. intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event

b. avoidance of stimuli associated with the event

c. mood and cognitive changes following the trauma

d. forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma

d. forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma

7. In systematic desensitization, a person

a. reverses the process of classical conditioning.

b. "gets in touch" with the stimuli that caused them to become fearful.

c. is taught to systematically avoid stimuli that produce fear.

d. explores the irrational elements in his or her thoughts and emotions.

a. reverses the process of classical conditioning.

8. Franklin is 72 years old. He has a history of cardiovascular accidents. His daughter notes his failing memory and tells the doctor she thinks Franklin has Alzheimer's disorder. The doctor notes Franklin's depressed mood and unsteadiness on his feet, and diagnoses Franklin with ___________

vascular dementia

How does persistent depressive disorder compare to major depressive disorder?

Symptoms are much more severe than in major depressive disorder. b. Symptoms change from day to day, with lots of days with normal functioning in between dysthymic episodes.

c. There are many more symptoms required to meet persistent depressive disorder than to meet major depressive disorder.

d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

10. According to Beck, which of the following is an example of a cognitive distortion often found in depression?

a. selectively remembering more negative events than positive events

b. turning anger at others toward the self

c. inability to concentrate

d. suicidal ideation

a. selectively remembering more negative events than positive events

elderly people have a _______ rate of _____

higher, psychotic

higher rate in elderly people, false but not bizarre beliefs, similar to psychosis

delusional disorder

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

psychosis

What are the 6 cognitive domains?

1. Complex attention

2. Executive function

3. Learning and memory

4. Language

5. Perceptual-motor

6. Social cognition

complex attention

Sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention, processing speed

executive function

higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

learning and memory

the acquisition and retention of information; involves hippocampus

language

speaking, comprehention

perceptual motor skills

skills that require the coordination of vision, intellect, and movement

neuritic plaques

structural change in the brain produced when damaged and dying neurons collect around a core of protein

beta-amyloid plaques

clumps of beta-amyloid proteins found in the spaces between neurons in individuals with Alzheimer's disease

neurofibrillary tangles

spiral-shaped masses formed when fibers that compose the axon become twisted together in the hippocampus

tau

a protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease

social cognition

the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them

a rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it difficult to concentrate and think in a clear, organized manner.

delirium

a disorder marked by significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning

neurocognitive disorder

a neurocognitive disorder in which a decline in cognitive functioning is substantial and interferes with an person's ability to be independent

major neurocognitive disorder

a neurocognitive disorder in which a decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with an person's ability to be independent

mild neurocognitive disorder

what's the difference between major NCD and mild NCD?

a modest decline in cognitive functioning and cognitive deficits do NOT interfere with an individual's everyday independence in mild NCD

most common NCD, usually occurs after the age of 65, marked most prominently by memory impairment

Alzheimer's disease

Sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain brain cells and in certain blood vessels as people age. People with Alzheimer's disease have an excessive number of such plaques.

senile plaques

twisted protein fibers that form within certain neurons as people age, people with Alzheimer's have an excessive amount

neurofibulary tangles

occurs before 60; rare; genetic component (mutations in beta-amyloid precursor protein & presenilin protein)

early onset alzheimers

- begins after 65 years

- more common

- greater environmental contribution

- slowly progressive

-ApoE gene (genetic factor)

late onset alzheimers

increased risk of Alzheimer's; promotes excessive production of beta-amyloid proteins, leading to formation of plaques, causing tau protein breakdown, to the formation of tangles

ApoE-4 gene

what structures of the brain are involved in short-term memory?

pre-frontal cortex

what structures of the brain are involved in long-term memory?

temporal lobes (amygdala & hippocampus) and diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)

thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder

locus coeruleus

a region, ventral to the basal ganglia, that is the major source of acetylcholine in the brain

basal forebrain

what structures of the brain are implicated in Alzheimer's?

hippocampus, cerebral cortex, pre-frontal lobe

What neurotransmitters are implicated in Alzheimer's?

Acetylcholine

autoimmune theory of alzheimers

changes in aging brain cells may trigger an autoimmune response, leading to the disease

vascular neurocognitive disorder

progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms; strokes can cause

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

form of dementia caused by repeated head trauma such as concussions

Pick's disease (frontotemporal dementia)

A degenerative brain disease that particularly effects frontal and temporal lobes and results in a clinical picture similar to Alzheimer's disease

Onset usually 50-60 years and death occurs in 2-5 years

Early signs are personality changes, loss of social skills, emotional blunting, and language abnormalities

Tau proteins

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (NCD due to prion disease)

Huntington's disease

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

Parkinson's disease

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

Lewy Body Disease (LBD)

A form of major neurocognitive disorder characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.

Alzheimer's treatment and prevention

cholinesterase inhibitors, immunotherapy, behavioral therapies, proper nourishment and fluid intake, exercise and physical therapy

long term care

24-hour care provided for people with ongoing conditions who are generally unable to manage their ADLs

ADL stands for

activities of daily living

fear

anxiety

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming panic attacks, recurrent panic attacks, 4+ panic attacks in a week to diagnose

panic disorder with agoraphobia

fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because one might have a panic attack in public

panic attack

abrupt surge of intense fear/disconnection that reaches a peak within minutes

panic attack symptoms

Palpitations, chest pain, diaphoresis, muscle tension, urinary frequency, hyperventilation, breathing difficulties, nausea, feelings of choking, chills, hot flashes, derealization, and gastrointestinal symptoms

phobia vs panic

panic is uncued/occur without warning and phobia is cued/triggered by specific events

norephinephrine and panic attacks

excessive NE causes PA, locus coeruleus

genetic factors and panic attacks

Panic disorder is 10 times more likely in families of patients with panic disorder

Neurophysiological mechanisms in panic disorder

locus coeruleus, norepinephrine, limbic system (emotion), frontal lobe (goal directed avoidance), abnormal activity in amygdala, hippocampus learns emotional response