AP PSYCH chapter 6 learning

Learning

A long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience.

Acquisition

This occurs after the conditioned stimulus is introduced, how one reacts to the conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The process of unlearning a behavior acquired during classical conditioning.

Spontaneous Recovery

A conditioned response briefly reappearing after extinction.

Generalization

The tendency to respond to similar conditioned stimuli.

Discrimination

The ability to tell the difference between various stimuli.

Classical conditioning

Associating neutral stimuli with reflexive, involuntary responses.

Unconditioned stimulus

The original stimulus that elicits a response.

Unconditioned response

Natural, involuntary response.

Conditioned response

Learning has taken place once the animal responds to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus to cause conditioned response.

Aversive conditioning

Learning a negative response to the conditioned stimulus.

Second-order conditioning

Conditioning a new response to a previously conditioned stimulus.

Learned taste aversion

Developing a dislike after nausea.

Operant conditioning

Learning based on associating consequences with behaviors.

Law of effect

Unpleasant consequences weaken the stimulus-response connection.

Instrumental learning

Reinforcers increase behavior, punishers decrease them.

Skinner Box

Apparatus with a lever or disk for animals.

Reinforcer

Something presented to increase behavior.

Positive reinforcement

Addition of something pleasant.

Negative reinforcement

Removal of something unpleasant.

Punishment

Anything that makes a behavior less likely.

Positive punishment

Addition of something unpleasant.

Omission training / Negative punishment

Removal of something pleasant.

Shaping

Reinforces the steps used to reach the desired behavior.

Primary reinforcers

Biological reinforcers such as food, water, and rest.

Secondary reinforcers

Learned reinforcers like praise and games.

Generalized reinforcers

Can be traded for anything.

Token economy

Earn tokens to exchange for reinforcers.

Fixed-ratio schedule

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Continuous reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

Partial-reinforcement effect

Behaviors become more resistant to extinction.

Instinctive drift

Animals return to natural behaviors.

Modeling

Learning through observing others.

Latent learning

Learning becomes clear only once rewarded.

Insight learning

Sudden realization of a solution.

Fixed-interval schedule

Requires a set time to elapse.

Variable-ratio schedule

Reinforcement after varying number of responses.

Variable-interval schedule

Varies the time before reward.