SEHS B.1.1 Anatomical Position, Planes, Movement, and Anthropometry

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical planes, axes of rotation, directional terminology, joint movements, skeletal divisions, and anthropometric applications.

Axial Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of $80$ bones (skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum) that provides protection, posture, and core support ($\approx 40\%$ of body height), stabilizing the body during movements such as a jump shot.

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of $126$ bones (limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle) that enables movement, interaction, and leverage, powering actions such as a jump shot.

Support (Skeletal Function)

A primary skeletal function where bones serve as the structural framework for the body.

Protection (Skeletal Function)

A primary skeletal function where bones shield vital organs from damage (e.g., the skull protecting the brain).

Movement (Skeletal Function)

A primary skeletal function where bones act as levers for muscles to create motion.

Mineral Storage (Skeletal Function)

A primary skeletal function where bones act as a reservoir for essential minerals, specifically calcium and phosphorus.

Blood Cell Production (Skeletal Function)

A primary skeletal function occurring within the red marrow of long bones.

Planes of Movement

Imaginary flat surfaces through the body that describe where movement happens, not how it happens.

Sagittal Plane

A plane dividing the body into left and right sections; movements in this plane include flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion.

Frontal Plane

A plane dividing the body into front and back sections; movements in this plane include abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion, elevation, and depression.

Transverse Plane

A plane dividing the body into top and bottom sections; movements in this plane include rotation, pronation, supination, and horizontal flexion/extension.

Frontal (Mediolateral) Axis

An axis running side-to-side through the body, perpendicular to the sagittal plane; movements like flexion/extension occur around it (e.g., somersault).

Sagittal (Anteroposterior) Axis

An axis running front-to-back through the body, perpendicular to the frontal plane; movements like abduction/adduction occur around it (e.g., cartwheel).

Longitudinal (Vertical) Axis

An axis running top-to-bottom through the body, perpendicular to the transverse plane; movements like rotation occur around it (e.g., pirouette).

Superior

Anatomical term meaning toward the head (e.g., the head is superior to the chest).

Inferior

Anatomical term meaning away from the head (e.g., the knees are inferior to the hips).

Anterior

Anatomical term meaning toward the front (e.g., the sternum is anterior to the spine).

Posterior

Anatomical term meaning toward the back (e.g., the scapula is posterior to the ribs).

Medial

Anatomical term meaning toward the midline (e.g., the nose is medial to the eyes).

Lateral

Anatomical term meaning away from the midline (e.g., the arms are lateral to the chest).

Proximal

Anatomical term meaning closer to the attachment point of a limb (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist).

Distal

Anatomical term meaning further from the attachment point of a limb (e.g., the fingers are distal to the elbow).

Intermediate

Anatomical term meaning between two structures (e.g., the knee is intermediate between hip and ankle).

Flexion

A sagittal plane movement that decreases the joint angle (e.g., bending the elbow during a bicep curl).

Extension

A sagittal plane movement that increases the joint angle.

Abduction

A frontal plane movement directed away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

A frontal plane movement directed toward the midline of the body.

Dorsiflexion

A sagittal plane movement that lifts the foot upward.

Plantarflexion

A sagittal plane movement that points the foot downward.

Pronation

A transverse plane movement that rotates the palm downward.

Supination

A transverse plane movement that rotates the palm upward (e.g., palm up in a tennis forehand).

Protraction

A transverse plane movement shifting the scapula forward.

Retraction

A transverse plane movement shifting the scapula backward.

Inversion

A frontal plane movement turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

A frontal plane movement turning the sole of the foot outward.

Circumduction

A multi-planar movement in which a limb follows a circular path (e.g., arm circles in swimming).

Opposition

Movement of the thumb toward the fingers.

Reposition

Movement of the thumb away from the fingers back to its anatomical position.

Anthropometry

The measurement of body size, shape, and composition (using measures like height, mass, limb lengths, skinfolds, girths, waist-hip ratio, and bone density) used to assess growth, profile performance, and prevent injuries.

Ergonomics

The application of anthropometric data to design sport equipment for optimal fit, enhanced performance, and reduced injury risk.