A&P Lecture Exam 2: Cartilage, Bone, Joints, and Movements

Vocabulary flashcards covering cartilage histology, bone tissue structure and remodeling, joint classifications, synovial joint types, and anatomical movements for Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2.

Avascular

Lacking blood vessels, a property of cartilage where nutrients must reach cells by diffusion through the matrix.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells located within lacunae.

Matrix

The extracellular material surrounding cells in cartilage and bone tissue.

Hyaline Cartilage

A cartilage type that provides smooth support and reduces friction, located in joint surfaces, nose, trachea, ribs, and growth plates.

Elastic Cartilage

A flexible cartilage type that maintains shape, found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

The strongest type of cartilage that resists compression, located in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and menisci.

Collagen

A structural component of bone tissue that provides flexibility and tensile strength.

Hydroxyapatite

An inorganic component of bone that provides hardness and resistance to compression.

Osteoblast

A bone cell that builds bone via deposition.

Osteoclast

A bone cell that breaks down bone via resorption.

Osteocyte

A bone cell that maintains bone tissue, residing within lacunae.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue organized into structural units called osteons.

Spongy Bone

Lightweight bone tissue characterized by trabeculae, with spaces containing marrow.

Central Canal

A channel within an osteon containing blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Concentric rings of matrix surrounding the central canal of an osteon.

Canaliculi

Tiny channels that connect osteocytes to each other within bone tissue.

Growth Plate

A cartilaginous region that permits long-bone lengthening until it ossifies, halting longitudinal growth.

Articulation

The junction where two bones meet; a joint.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint according to functional classification.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint according to functional classification.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint according to functional classification.

Fibrous Joint

A structural joint type where bones are joined by dense connective tissue, such as skull sutures.

Cartilaginous Joint

A structural joint type where bones are united by cartilage, such as the pubic symphysis.

Synovial Joint

A structural joint type characterized by a joint cavity, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid.

Suture

A fibrous joint occurring between the bones of the skull.

Syndesmosis

A fibrous joint joined by dense connective tissue, such as an interosseous membrane or the distal tibiofibular joint.

Gomphosis

A fibrous peg-in-socket joint connecting a tooth to its socket via the periodontal ligament.

Synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint united by hyaline cartilage, such as growth plates and the first sternocostal joint.

Symphysis

A cartilaginous joint united by fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid inside the joint cavity that lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage.

Ligament

A fibrous connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone.

Tendon

A fibrous connective tissue structure that connects muscle to bone.

Bursa

A fluid-filled sac associated with synovial joints that reduces friction.

Meniscus

An articular disc composed of fibrocartilage that improves joint stability and distributes forces.

Pivot Joint

A synovial joint allowing rotation, exemplified by the atlantoaxial and radioulnar joints.

Hinge Joint

A synovial joint allowing flexion and extension, exemplified by the elbow and knee joints.

Condylar Joint

A biaxial synovial joint, exemplified by the wrist joint.

Saddle Joint

A biaxial synovial joint found at the thumb.

Plane Joint

A synovial joint allowing gliding movements, exemplified by intercarpal joints.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A multiaxial synovial joint permitting movement in many directions, exemplified by the hip and shoulder joints.

Flexion

An anatomical movement that decreases the angle of a joint.

Extension

An anatomical movement that increases the angle of a joint.

Hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond the anatomical position.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

A circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

Medial Rotation

Turning of a body part around its long axis toward the midline.

Lateral Rotation

Turning of a body part around its long axis away from the midline.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces down or posteriorly.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up or anteriorly.

Dorsiflexion

Lifting the foot so that the toes move toward the shin.

Plantar Flexion

Depressing the foot to point the toes downward.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward toward the midline.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward away from the midline.

Elevation

Moving a body part upward along the frontal plane.

Depression

Moving a body part downward along the frontal plane.

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part forward in the horizontal plane.

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part backward in the horizontal plane.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips of the same hand.