Major Themes of Anatomy, Physiology, and the Chemistry of Life

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Kenneth S. Saladin's Anatomy and Physiology (10th Edition), Chapters 1 and 2, including major anatomical themes, scientific methods, evolutionary adaptations, homeostasis, atomic structure, biochemistry, and macromolecules.

The complementary branch of biomedical science that investigates the structure of the human body is anatomy, whereas the branch that examines bodily function is __________.

physiology

Feeling an anatomical structure with the hands, such as when palpating a pulse or a swollen lymph node, is termed __________.

palpation

The physical examination method in which an examiner taps on the body, feels for resistance, and listens to emitted sounds for abnormalities is called __________.

percussion

The microscopic examination of human body tissues specifically for structural signs of disease is known as __________.

histopathology

The Greek physician known as the "Father of medicine" who established an ethical code and urged physicians to seek natural rather than supernatural causes of disease was __________.

Hippocrates

Aristotle referred to supernatural causes of disease as theologi, while calling the natural causes of disease __________.

physiologi

The ancient Greek physician recognized as the first woman to publish a medical textbook was __________.

Metrodora

The medieval scholar from the Muslim world known as "the Galen of Islam" who authored The Canon of Medicine was __________.

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

In 1543, Andreas Vesalius helped launch modern Western medicine by publishing the first comprehensive atlas of anatomy, entitled __________.

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)

In 1628, William Harvey published De Motu Cordis, establishing experimental physiology by demonstrating that __________.

blood flows out from heart and back to it again

The English microscopist who improved the compound microscope and coined the word "cells" in his 1665 publication Micrographia was __________.

Robert Hooke

The microscopist who developed simple, single-lens microscopes with superior lenses capable of magnifying up to $200\times$ was __________.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

The foundational breakthrough that "all organisms were composed of cells" represents the first tenet of cell theory, established by Theodor Schwann and __________.

Matthias Schleiden

The scientific method of obtaining knowledge that relies on making repeated observations until one can confidently make generalizations and predictions is the __________ method.

inductive

The criterion stating that if a claim is scientifically true, one must be able to specify evidence capable of proving it wrong is called __________.

falsifiability

In an experiment designed to assess psychosomatic effects on a subject's physiology, the control group receives a(n) __________.

placebo

A verbal statement or mathematical formula describing a generalization about the predictable way matter and energy behave is a(n) __________.

law of nature

The tree-dwelling habit of early primates that selected for mobile shoulders, opposable thumbs, stereoscopic depth perception, and color vision is referred to as a(n) __________ lifestyle.

arboreal

The bipedal primate genus that lived in Africa more than $3\text{ million}$ years ago was __________.

Australopithecus

The anatomical variation characterized by a complete structural left–right reversal of internal organ placement within an individual is called __________.

situs inversus

The developmental transformation of unspecialized stem cells into mature cells committed to a specific physiological task is called __________.

differentiation

Standardized physiological reference values specify that a "reference man" is $22\text{ years}$ old, weighs $154\text{ lb}$, engages in light activity, and consumes __________.

$$2,800\,\text{kcal/day}$$

The American physiologist who coined the term "homeostasis" to describe the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium around a set point was __________.

Walter Cannon

When body temperature rises above the set point, thermoregulatory negative feedback activates heat-losing mechanisms including sweating and cutaneous __________.

vasodilation

In the negative feedback baroreflex loop that compensates for postural drops in blood pressure, the integrating center is the __________.

cardiac center of brainstem

Childbirth and blood clotting are controlled by a self-amplifying cycle that produces rapid physiological change in the same direction, known as __________.

positive feedback

Moving a substance in the direction opposite to its pressure, concentration, or electrical gradient is termed moving "up the gradient" and requires spending __________.

metabolic energy

The internationally standardized anatomical terminology approved by anatomists in over 50 countries in 1998 is __________.

Terminologia Anatomica (TA)

The medical imaging technique illustrated here, which avoids X-ray radiation and provides high contrast for visualizing soft cranial tissues, is __________.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The functional medical imaging technique that injects radioactively labeled glucose to identify metabolic rates and damaged tissues is __________.

positron emission tomography (PET)

The six elements that account for $98.5\%$ of human body weight are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and __________.

phosphorus

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed through the food web to comprise about $4\%$ of human body weight are termed __________.

minerals

In Neils Bohr's planetary model of atomic structure, an atom's chemical bonding properties are determined by the number of __________.

valence electrons

Varieties of an element that contain the same number of protons but differ in neutron count and atomic mass are called __________.

isotopes

The time required for $50\%$ of a radioisotope to be cleared and disappear from the human body is called its __________.

biological half-life

The standard international unit of absorbed radiation dosage that accounts for biological hazards is the __________.

sievert (Sv)

The pioneering scientist who coined the term "radioactivity" and discovered polonium and radium was __________.

Madame Curie

An atom or molecule that gains one or more electrons, acquiring a net negative charge, is termed a(n) __________.

anion

Substances that dissociate into ions in aqueous solution and become capable of conducting electrical current are called __________.

electrolytes

The protective antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes toxic superoxide free radicals by converting them to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide is __________.

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Molecules such as ethanol and ethyl ether that share the identical molecular formula ($C_2H_6O$) but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms are __________.

isomers

A covalent bond in which shared electrons spend equal time around both atomic nuclei, as seen between bonded carbon atoms ($C-C$), is a(n) __________.

nonpolar covalent bond

The weak, transient attractions between neutral atoms generated by momentary fluctuations in electron density are __________.

van der Waals forces

When sodium chloride dissolves in water, hydration spheres form around individual ions, with the negative pole of each water molecule orienting toward the __________.

$$Na^+$$

The base unit of heat energy defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{g}$ of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$ is the __________.

calorie (cal)

A mixture of protein and water with particles ranging from $1\text{ to }100\,\text{nm}$ that scatters light and remains permanently mixed without passing through semipermeable membranes is a(n) __________.

colloid

According to the chemical definition used in physiology, an acid acts as a proton donor that releases __________ into water.

$$H^+\text{ ions}$$

Because pH is calculated as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion molarity, a shift of one whole unit on the pH scale corresponds to a(n) __________ change in hydrogen ion concentration.

tenfold

The measure of solution concentration defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution is __________.

molarity (M)

Energy that is stored in an object or in molecular bonds but is not actively performing work is known as __________.

potential energy

The general class of chemical reactions in which a large reactant molecule is cleaved into two or more smaller products ($AB \rightarrow A + B$) is a(n) __________.

decomposition reaction

The division of metabolism consisting of energy-releasing, exergonic reactions that break covalent bonds is called __________.

catabolism

A chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy from an electron donor is termed __________.

reduction

The organic functional group symbolized as $-COOH$, which is abundant in organic acids like amino acids and fatty acids, is the __________ group.

carboxyl

The chemical process in which a covalent bond between two monomers is broken by the addition of an ionized water molecule is __________.

hydrolysis

The three major monosaccharide isomers sharing the formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$ are glucose, galactose, and __________.

fructose

The disaccharide found in milk that is formed by joining a glucose monomer and a galactose monomer via dehydration synthesis is __________.

lactose

The plant structural polysaccharide that humans cannot digest but which provides essential dietary fiber is __________.

cellulose

The parent steroid molecule shown here, which contains 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings and serves as the precursor for all other steroids, is __________.

cholesterol

Fatty acids whose carbon chains are straightened because single covalent bonds angle in opposite directions across a $C=C$ double bond are called __________.

trans-fatty acids

The amphipathic membrane lipid depicted here, possessing a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails, is a(n) __________.

phospholipid

Prostaglandins and related 20-carbon cell-signaling compounds that are derived from arachidonic acid belong to the lipid group known as __________.

eicosanoids

The lipoprotein complex referred to as "good cholesterol" because of its low lipid-to-protein ratio and protective role against cardiovascular disease is __________.

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

The covalent linkage formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another during dehydration synthesis is a(n) __________.

peptide bond

The secondary protein structure characterized by a springlike helical coil stabilized by hydrogen bonding is the __________.

alpha helix

Non-amino acid moieties covalently bound to conjugated proteins, such as the iron-containing heme groups in hemoglobin, are called __________.

prosthetic groups

Enzymes function as biological catalysts that accelerate physiological reactions at body temperature by lowering the __________.

activation energy

The gastric digestive enzyme adapted to function optimally in the acidic environment of the stomach at an optimum pH of $2.0$ is __________.

pepsin

Organic cofactors that are derived from vitamins and act as metabolic electron shuttles, such as $NAD^+$ derived from niacin, are called __________.

coenzymes

The cleavage of the terminal high-energy phosphate bond of ATP yields ADP, inorganic phosphate, and approximately __________ of energy per mole.

$$7.3\,\text{kcal}$$

The intracellular second messenger nucleotide depicted here, generated when an extracellular signal triggers the removal of two phosphate groups from ATP, is __________.

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)