Anatomy and Physiology Review: Cell Biology, Chemistry, and Cell Division

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cell anatomy, cellular respiration, transport, biochemistry, and the stages of mitosis and meiosis based on lecture notes.

Dehydration synthesis

An anabolic process that takes water out to form larger molecules.

Hydrolysis

A catabolic process that adds water to break down molecules.

$4$ physiological reactions

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions.

Ionic and covalent bonds

Ionic bonds transfer electrons, whereas covalent bonds share electrons.

Medial and lateral

Directional terms referring to the midline (medial) and the outside (lateral).

Mediastinum

Anatomical region containing the heart, trachea, lr bronchi, lymph nodes, esophagus, thalamus, nerves, blood vessels, thoacic duct, and lymphatic vessels.

Gross anatomy

The study of anatomy with the naked eye.

Cell theory

The principle that if an entity has one cell, it is alive.

Autopoiesis

Self-sustaining and self-maintaining capability of living organisms.

Diffusion

Passive transport moving substances from high to low concentration along a concentration gradient without requiring ATP.

Osmosis

The passive movement of water through a subpermeable membrane requiring no ATP, driven by the principle that water follows salt.

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher concentration of solute.

Hypotonic

A solution that has a low solute concentration.

Isotonic

A solution with a neutral or equal solute concentration.

Endocytosis

A cellular transport mechanism that includes two types: penocytosis and phagocytosis.

Penocytosis

Cellular drinking, a subtype of endocytosis.

Phagocytosis

Cellular eating, a subtype of endocytosis.

Acids

Proton donors that taste sour, characterized by more hydrogen ions.

Octet rule

The rule that eight valence electrons provide stability ("$8$ is great").

$2$ trace elements

Iodine and iron.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell that produces ATP.

Golgi apparatus

The post office of the cell that sends and receives proteins.

Ribosomes

Structures that synthesize proteins, located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Cellular respiration

A catabolic process that includes three pathways: glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid) cycle, and electron transport.

Glycolysis

A catabolic pathway of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose.

Creb (citric acid) cycle

A cellular respiration pathway found in the mitochondria that requires oxygen and consists of $8$ steps.

Electron transport

A catabolic pathway of cellular respiration that makes lots of ATP.

Protein synthesis

An anabolic process that makes proteins and influences all cell structures and functions via transcription and translation.

Transcription

The first step of protein synthesis occurring in the nucleus where mRNA forms along a gene sequence of DNA, producing mRNA as the end product.

Translation

The second step of protein synthesis occurring in the cytoplasm, yielding a protein as the final end product.

DNA

A double helix polymer that transfers information, directs the synthesis of proteins, and serves as the blueprint that makes all humans unique.

Interphase

The growth phase between cell divisions where newly formed cells produce molecules and structures for growth using DNA; not a part of mitosis.

G0 Phase

The maintenance phase where non-dividing cells go.

S phase

The synthesis phase characterized by DNA replication.

Mitotic cell division

The process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division across four distinct phases (P, M, A, T), which cells occupy only $10\%$ of the time.

Prophase

The "before phase" of mitosis right after interphase where the nuclear envelope falls apart.

Metaphase

The "middle" phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The "apart" phase of mitosis where chromosomes are pulled apart.

Telophase

The "end phase" of mitosis where DNA returns to its original form and location within the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cleavage furrow appears.

Cytokinesis

The division that results in $2$ daughter cells.

Meiosis

Cell division that occurs exclusively in gametes (sex cells: sperm and ova) across two steps (meiosis 1 and meiosis 2).

Meiosis 1

The "reduction division" phase of meiosis that cuts the number of chromosomes in half.

Diploid

Having double the chromosomes, totaling $46$ chromosomes.

Haploid

Having half the chromosomes, totaling $23$ chromosomes.

Zygote

The first cell formed from fertilization.