CHM 203 Exam IV Strong Acids/Bases & Solubility Guidelines

These ions are ALWAYS soluble (no exceptions)?

Li+, Na+, K+, NH₄+,

NO₃-, CH₃CO₂-

Cl-, Br-, or I- are soluble EXCEPT when the counterion is ______?

Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, or Hg₂²⁺

SO₄^2- is soluble EXCEPT when the counterion is_____?

Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ba²⁺

Salts that contain S^2- or OH^- are insoluble EXCEPT when the counterion is….

The always soluble cations (Li, Na, K, and NH₄)

OR

Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ba²⁺

Salts that contain CO₃^2- or PO₄^3- are insoluble EXCEPT when the counterion is…

The always soluble cations (Li, Na, K, and NH₄)

6 strong acids

HCl (hydrochloric)

HBr (hydrobromic)

HI (hydroiodic)

H₂SO₄ (sulfuric)

HNO₃ (nitric)

HClO₄ (perchloric)

6 strong bases

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)₂

Sr(OH)₂

Ba(OH)₂

HClO₄

perchloric acid

HClO₃ (base name)

chloric acid

HClO₂

chlorous acid

HClO

hypochlorous acid

HBrO₄

perbromic acid

HBrO₃

bromic acid

HBrO₂

bromous acid

HBrO

hypobromous acid

HIO₄

periodic acid

HIO₃

iodic acid

HIO₂

iodous acid

HIO

hypoiodous acid

BrO₄^- / IO₄^-

perbromate/periodate ion

BrO₃^- / IO₃^-

bromate/iodate ion

BrO₂^- / IO₂^-

bromite/iodite ion

BrO^- / IO^-

hypobromite/hypoiodite ion

oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 EXCEPT when

it’s in a peroxide, then its -1

hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 EXCEPT when

it’s in metal hydrides, then it’s -1 (e.g. MgH₂)

Extensive

Depends on the amount of substance present

e.g. mass, volume

Intensive

Does not depend on the amount of substance present

e.g. density, temperature, PRESSURE

What is the chemical equation of a combustion reaction?

Substance made of C, H, & O burns in O₂ (g) to form CO₂ GAS and H₂O GAS

Alkali (group 1) metal reactions equations with water

M = metal

M (s) + H₂O (l) —> M⁺ (aq) + OH^- (aq) + ½ H₂ (g)

Molecular equation:

M (s) + H₂O (l) —> MOH + H₂ (g)

Equation for halogen reactions in general

H₂ (g) + X₂ (g) —> 2HX (g)

w/ alkali metals

K (s) + ½ Cl₂ (g) —> KCl (s)

strong electrolytes vs weak electrolytes vs nonelectrolytes

Strong electrolyte breaks up 100% into ions, weak electrolyte breaks up ~4-5% into ions, nonelectrolytes DON’T break up into ions

Arrhenius definition of an acid/base

acid = substance that generates H+ in H₂O, base = substance that generates OH- in H₂O

When acids react with sulfides (compound containing sulfur), what is one of the products?

H₂S GAS

When acids react with carbonates (CO₃), what is one of the products?

H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid), which breaks up into H₂O (l) and CO₂ (g)

When acids react with sulfites (SO₃), what is one of the products?

H₂SO₃ (sulfurous acid), which breaks up into H₂O (l) and SO₂ (g)

When a base reacts with an ammonium salt, what is one of the products?

NH₄OH (ammonium hydroxide), which breaks up into H₂O (l) and NH₃ (g)

oxidation agent

the atom that is gaining electrons (causing other atom to lose them)

reduction agent

the atom that is losing electrons (causing other atom to gain them)